Joints & Diseases Exam 2 Flashcards
Synovitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane
Arthritis
Inflammation of joint
Capsulitis
Inflammation of joint capsule
What is septic arthritis
Infection of a joint
How is septic arthritis onset?
- Trauma: joint is punctured; bacterial infection
- Joint surgery/injections; contamination
- Foals: Joint “ill”, septic joint
Need antibiotics or permanent damage can result
Types of non-infectious arthritis
- Traumatic arthritis/ osteoarthritis (OA)/ Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- Progressive deterioration of joint: structures including articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis (1. inflammation of synovial membrane)
- Results from: trauma/hard work
- Swelling, increase in synovial fluid, less viscous
What compound is released in the joint to cause inflammation
Prostaglandins
Enzymes
Cytokines
Anti-inflammatory product use/function
- increased blood flow
- attract white blood cells
Potential negative effects of anti-inflammatory products
- Break down proteoglycans in articular cartilage
- Break down in collagen matrix
- Articular cartilage loses some normal consistency
Osteoarthritis (2. With progress/continued inflammation)
- increase damage to cartilage and other joint structures
1. Articular cartilage, grooved when pitted
2. Synovial fluid viscosity decreases
3. Joint space decreases
4. Joint friction increases, more inflammation
Osteoarthritis (3. Longterm)
- Erosion of cartilage through 4 layers, down to subchrondral bone
- Joint capsule thickens
- Result = reduced joint friction
Osteoarthritis (4. Most serious)
- Joint surfaces bridge (bone proliferated
- Ankylosing
- No motion, but pain may decrease
What is Ankylosing arthritis?
Bones fuse together
Treatments of Osteoarthritis
- Rest/change in work
- Control inflammation
- cold
- Anti-inflammatory drugs - Improve joint function
- physical therapy
- medications - cartilage repair
- not much to work with
- stem cells? growth factors? Cartilage grafts?
- Better to think about prevention
Osteoarthritis commonly affected joints
Hock; fetlock; knees; pastern; stifle; coffin
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
Steroidal: systemic or intra-articular
Non-steroidal: NSAIDS; buts, banamine (systemic)
Side effects of anti-inflammatories
GI ulcers
Coricosteroids & side effects
Potent anti-inflammatories
Side effects: immune suppressive; increased risk of laminitis
Intra-articular anti-inflammatory
- Injection
- Corticosteroids
- Less risk of laminitis
- Can use smaller dosage
- Still an immunosuppressive in joint
- Some may/may not decrease cartilage health
Medications to improve joint function
- Increase synovial fluid viscosity
- Hyaluronan (hyoluronic acid HA)
- Intra-articular (injectable)
- Systemic (injectable) - Increase cartilage health
- HA… some effect
- Polysulfated glycoseaminoglycans (PSGAGs; component of cartilage matrix); increase cartilage matrix; decrease inflammatory response
Bog Spavin
- Hock
- Soft swelling in dorsal joint capsule
- May be due to trauma to capsule or underlying joint damage
- Could be because of something minor or major
Bone Spavin
- Hock
- Osteoarthritis
- Usually lower hock joint
- “Boxy” hocks
Joint injuries of the hock
- Bog spavin
- Bone spavin
Carpitis
- Knee
- May start out as synovitis/capsulitis
- May progress to osteoarthritis
- Usually on dorsal aspect of carpus
“Green osslets” “Osslets”
- Fetlock
- Initially synovitis or capsulitis of fetlock
- May progress to osteoarthritis
- May include periostitis at junction of joint capsule and MC3 and P1
