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LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Meeting of two bones. Bones articulate at the joint

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2
Q

What are joints classified by?

A

Function - range of movement

structure - what links the bones

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3
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Synarthrosis - immobile
Amphiarthrosis - Slightly mobile
Diarthrosis - Freely mobile

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4
Q

Structural classifications of joints

A

Fibrous - Dense CT
Cartilaginous - Hyaline or Fibro-cart
Synovial - Ligaments
Synostosis - Bone

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5
Q

Fibrous joint types

A

Suture and Syndesmosis

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6
Q

Features of suture

A

Bones linked by thin layer of Fibrous CT, located in skull, immovable

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7
Q

Features of Syndesmosis

A

Slightly moveable, forms interosseous membrane or ligament, more connective tissue linking bones than in sutures

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8
Q

What are the cartilaginous joint types

A

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

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9
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Hyaline cartilage links bones. Can facilitate growth of long bones

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10
Q

Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage joint

Compressible, strong and flexible. limited movement possible

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11
Q

Synovial

A

Most common joint. Diarthroses.

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12
Q

Features of synovial joint

A 
➢ Articular cartilage
➢ Articular/fibrous capsule
➢ Synovial membrane
➢ Synovial cavity & synovial fluid
➢ Accessory structures (discs or ligaments) may also be
present.
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13
Q

How can we classify synovial joints?

A

Axes of movement and shape

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14
Q

Axes of movement

A

Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

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15
Q

Shapes of synovial joint

A 
Plane/Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball & Socket
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16
Q

What are the 5 Synovial joints

A 
Gliding
pivot/trochoidal
Condyloid/ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket/spheroidal
17
Q

Gliding Synovial joint features

A

Articular surfaces are essentially flat.
➢ Allow short gliding movements (nonaxial).
➢ Some can be classified as amphiarthroses

18
Q

Hinge Synovial joint features

A

A cylindrical projection (convex) of one bone fits into
a trough-shaped surface (concave) of another bone.
➢ Motion is along a single plane (uniaxial) permitting
extension& flexion.

19
Q

Pivot / Trochoidal Synovial Joints

A

➢ The rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve
composed of bone or ligaments.
➢ Allows rotation along the axis of the bone (uniaxial).

20
Q

Condyloid / Ellipsoid Synovial Joints

A 
The oval-shaped (convex) articular surface of one bone fits into
complimentary depression (concave) on another bone.
➢ Permits movement in 2 planes (biaxial).
21
Q

Saddle / Sellar Synovial Joint

A

➢ Each articular surface has both concave & convex areas.

➢ Permits significant movement in different planes (multiaxial).

22
Q

Ball & Socket / Spheroidal Synovial Joints

A

➢ The spherical head of one bone articulates with a cupshaped socket of another bone.
➢ The most freely moveable of synovial joints (multiaxial).

23
Q

Explain the shoulder joint

A

Known as the glenohumeral or humeroscapular joint
➢ Ball & socket articulation
Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity
of scapula
➢ Relatively shallow & loose joint
➢ Most freely moveable joint in body
Joint supported by
➢ Ligaments (e.g. coracohumeral)
➢ Tendons of muscles (e.g. Biceps brachii)
➢ Rotator cuff muscles

24
Q

Explain the hip joint

A

Known as the coxal joint
➢ Ball & socket articulation (multiaxial).
Head of femur articulates with acetabulum of coxal
bone
➢ Acetabulum forms deep socket for head of femur
➢ Much more stable (but less moveable)
than shoulder joint.
Joint supported by
➢ Ligaments
➢ Tendons of thigh and hip muscles.

25
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligament

26
Q

Explain the knee joint

A 
Articulation between the femur, tibia and patella;
➢ One of the largest & most complex synovial joints in the
body.
Primarily a hinge joint;
➢ Joint capsule encloses
posterior & medial
aspects
➢ Extensions of
quadriceps tendon
cover anterior
aspect.
27
Q

Knee joint Intracapsular ligaments

A

Intracapsular cruciate ligaments cross each other to form
an X;
➢ Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
➢ Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Prevent forward or backward displacement of tibia.

28
Q

Knee joint Extracapsular ligaments

A

Fibular collateral ligament

Tibial collateral ligament

29
Q

What is the knee menisci?

A

The (knee) joint contains two crescent-shaped pads of
fibrocartilage called lateral & medial menisci
➢ Absorb shock & prevent the femur rocking from
side to side on the tibia

30
Q

3 features of the menisci

A

Lateral meniscus
Synovial membrane
Medial meniscus

31
Q

What is the “zero position”

A

Original anatomical position

32
Q

Flexion

A

Reduce angle between articulating elements

33
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle between articulating elements

34
Q

Abduction

A

= lateral movement; movement
away from the longitudinal axis of the
body.

35
Q

Adduction

A

medial movement; movement

towards the longitudinal axis.

36
Q

Circumduction

A 
Conical movement;
The shape of a
cone is outlined by
the pathway of the
joint movement.
37
Q

Rotation

A

A circular
movement along
the longitudinal
axis of a bone (s).

38
Q

What are two structures associated with synovial joints?

A 
Bursae - —flattened fibrous sacs
▪ Lined with synovial membranes
▪ Filled with synovial fluid
▪ Not actually part of the joint
Reducing friction during joint motion
Tendon sheath- 
▪ Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Secrete synovial fluid to promote movement
39
Q

Common injuries and disorders of the skeletal system are?

A 
▪ Fractures
 Breaks in bone
Different classifications
Stress fractures
▪ Osteoporosis
Common in the elderly
▪ Female athlete triad
 Involves a combination of an eating disorder,
amenorrhoea and osteoporosis
▪ Sprains and dislocations

LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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