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LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the body membranes

A

▪ Cover body surfaces
▪ Line body cavities
▪ Form protective sheets around organs

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2
Q

What are the types of body membranes

A

Epithelial membranes
▪ Cutaneous membranes
▪ Mucous membranes
▪ Serous membranes

Connective tissue membranes
▪ Synovial membrane

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3
Q

What are epithelial membranes and what layers do they have

A 
▪ Epithelial membranes are simple organs
▪ Also called covering and lining membranes
▪ These membranes contain:
▪ Epithelial tissue layer
▪ Connective tissue layer
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4
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
Dry membrane
▪ Outermost protective boundary

Construction
▪ Epidermis is composed of 
keratinized stratified 
squamous epithelium
▪ Dermis is mostly dense 
(fibrous) connective tissue
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5
Q

Mucous membranes

A 
▪ Moist membranes 
▪ Line all body cavities that open 
to the exterior body surface
▪ Adapted for absorption or 
secretion
Construction
▪ Epithelium type depends on 
site
▪ Loose connective tissue 
(lamina propria)
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6
Q

Serous membranes

A

▪ Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior
of the body
▪ Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a
visceral and parietal layer
Construction
▪ Simple squamous epithelium
▪ Areolar connective tissue

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7
Q

Specific serous membranes and positions

A

▪ Peritoneum- Abdominal cavity
▪ Pleura- Around the lungs
▪ Pericardium- Around the hear

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8
Q

Synovial membranes

A 
▪ Loose areolar connective tissue 
only (no epithelial tissue)
▪ Line fibrous capsules 
surrounding joints- ▪ Line bursae ▪ Line tendon sheaths
▪ Secrete a lubricating fluid to 
cushion organs moving against 
each other during muscle activity
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9
Q

Integumentary system consists of

A 
▪ Skin (cutaneous membrane)
▪ Skin appendages:
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Hair
Nails
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10
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A 
▪ Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
Protects the entire body from:
▪ Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
▪ Chemical damage (acids and bases)
▪ Thermal damage (heat or cold)
▪ Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
▪ Microbes (bacteria)
▪ Desiccation (drying out)
▪ Aids in loss or retention of body heat as 
controlled by the nervous system
▪ Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
▪ Synthesizes vitamin D
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11
Q

2 kinds of skin tissue

A

▪ Epidermis

▪ Dermis

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12
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer
▪ Anchors the skin to underlying organs
▪ Not technically part of the integumentary system
▪ Composed mostly of adipose tissue
▪ Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper
tissues

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13
Q

Epidermis

A 
outer layer
▪ Capable of being hard and tough
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Keratinocytes (the most common cell) produce a 
fibrous protein called keratin
▪ Avascular
▪ Composed of five layers (strata)
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14
Q

Deepest epidermis to most superficial

A 
▪ Stratum basale
▪ Stratum spinosum
▪ Stratum granulosum
▪ Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
▪ Stratum corneum
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15
Q

Explain the stratus basale

A

▪ Deepest layer of epidermis
▪ Lies next to dermis
▪ Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two
together
▪ Cells undergoing mitosis
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the
more superficial layers

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16
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

▪ Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

17
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

▪ Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of
hands and soles of fee

18
Q

Stratum corneum

A

▪ Outermost layer of epidermis
▪ Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective
protein prevents water loss from skin)

19
Q

Melanin

A

▪ Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes
▪ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the
epidermis
▪ Color is yellow to brown to black
▪ Melanin accumulates in membrane-bound granules
called melanosomes
▪ Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics
and exposure to sunlight

20
Q

Epidermal dendritic cells

A

Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or

viral invasion)

21
Q

Merkel Cells

A

▪ Associated with sensory nerve endings

▪ Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

22
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue - composed of collagen and elastic fibres
Underlies the epidermis
Collagen - provides toughness and keeps inner skin moist
elastic fibres - keeps skin looking young without sagging

23
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

24
Q

Papillary layer

A

(upper dermal region) contain
projections called dermal papillae
▪ Indent the epidermis above
▪ Many projections contain capillary loops, and others
house pain and touch receptors
▪ On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction
and gripping ability
▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

25
Q

Reticular layer

A

deepest skin layer
▪ Blood vessels
▪ Sweat and oil glands
▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

26
Q

Dermal features

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors
▪ Phagocytes
▪ Collagen and elastic fibers
▪ Blood vessels

27
Q

3 Pigments contributing to skin colour

A
  1. Melanin
    ▪ Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments
  2. Carotene
    ▪ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
  3. Hemoglobin
    ▪ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
    ▪ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
28
Q

Skin colour changes and causes

A

Redness (erythema)—due to embarrassment,
inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
▪ Pallor (blanching)—due to emotional stress (such
as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired
blood flow to an area
▪ Jaundice (yellow cast)—indicates a liver disorder
▪ Bruises (black and blue marks)—hematomas

29
Q

Appendages of the skin

A 
▪ Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
▪ Hair
▪ Hair follicles
▪ Nails
30
Q

Sebaceous glands

A 
Located all over the skin except for palms and soles
▪ Produce sebum (oil)
▪ Makes skin soft and moist 
▪ Prevents hair from becoming brittle
▪ Kills bacteria
▪ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others 
open directly onto skin surface
▪ Glands are activated at puberty
31
Q

What is sudoriferous glands and two types

A 
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
▪ Produce sweat 
▪ Widely distributed in skin
▪ Two types of sudoriferous glands
1. Eccrine glands
2. Apocrine glands
32
Q

Eccrine glands

A

▪ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
▪ Produce acidic sweat
▪ Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste
▪ Function in body temperature regulation

33
Q

Apocrine glands

A

▪ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and
genitals
▪ Begin to function at puberty
▪ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and
proteins (milky or yellowish color)
▪ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

34
Q

Hair

A 
▪ Produced by hair follicle
▪ Root is enclosed in the follicle
▪ Shaft projects from the surface of 
the scalp or skin
▪ Consists of hard keratinized 
epithelial cells
▪ Melanocytes provide pigment for 
hair color
▪ Hair grows in the matrix of the hair 
bulb in stratum basale
35
Q

Hair anatomy

A

▪ Central medulla - air space, large cells
▪ Cortex surrounds medulla - formed by a single layer of cells
▪ Cuticle on outside of cortex
▪ Most heavily keratinized region of
the hair

36
Q

Hair follicle

A

▪ Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous
sheath
▪ Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb
(deepest part of the follicle)
▪ Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull
hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

37
Q

Nails features

A

▪ Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the
epidermis
▪ Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed, which is
responsible for growth
▪ Lack of pigment makes nails colorless

38
Q

Parts of a nail

A

▪ Free edge
▪ Body is the visible attached portion
▪ Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the
nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge
▪ Root of nail is embedded in skin
▪ Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix

39
Q

Disorders and injuries of the skin

A

▪ Burns
▪ Infections of the skin and membranes
▪ Viral infections
▪ Fungal infections (e.g., athlete’s foot, jock itch,
ringworm)
▪ Bacterial infections (e.g., impetigo, cellulitis)
▪ Inflammatory conditions of the skin and
membranes (e.g., pleurisy, peritonitis, psoriasis)
▪ Cancers of the skin

LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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