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LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology > Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Bones of the upper and lower limbs

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the pelvic and pectoral girdle?

A

Secure limb bones to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

What is part of the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle (anterior) and scapula (posterior)

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4
Q

What are the points of articulations in the clavicle?

A

Medial (sternal) end of each clavicle articulates with
the sternum at the clavicular notch.
➢ Lateral (acromial) end articulates with acromion of the
scapula

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5
Q

What are the three main features of the anterior scapula?

A
  1. Triangular Body with 3 Borders & 3 Angles
  2. Coracoid process – arises from
    lateral superior border.
    Muscle attachment point
  3. Glenoid fossa – concave
    articular surface that articulates
    with the humerus
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6
Q

What are some features of the posterior scapula?

A

Spine – transverse ridge on posterior surface.
➢ Lateral aspect terminates as Acromion which forms
articulation with clavicle
3 Fossae provide origin points for rotator cuff muscles;
➢ Subscapular (anterior)
➢ Infraspinous (posterior)
➢ Supraspinous (posterior)
Inferior angle formed by junction of lateral & medial borders.

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7
Q

What are some features of the proximal humerus?

A

➢ Head - smooth hemispherical projection that forms an
articulation with glenoid fossa of scapula.
➢ Greater & lesser tubercles - sites of muscle attachment
➢ Intertubercular / bicipital sulcus - elongated groove that
guides the tendon of biceps brachii muscle.

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8
Q

Features of the distal humerus

A

➢ Medial epicondyle – medial projection. Provides origin
point for several flexor muscles of antebrachium (forearm)
➢ Lateral epicondyle – lateral projection. Provides origin
point for several extensor muscles of antebrachium
➢ Capitulum – articulates with fovea of head of radius
➢ Trochlea – articulates with trochlear notch of ulna

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9
Q

Features of the Ulna

A

➢ Trochlear notch – deep C-shaped indentation that forms
articulation with humerus.
➢ Olecranon process – posterior prominence of trochlear notch.
➢ Coronoid process – anterior prominence of trochlear notch.

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10
Q

Main features on radius

A

Head – distinctive disc of proximal aspect. Articulates with
capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna
➢ Radial tuberosity – attachment point
for biceps brachii muscle
➢ Ulnar notch – point of articulation with
distal aspect of ulna
Bones of the Forearm: Radius
➢Styloid process – bony prominence at
distal aspect that can be felt adjacent
to the thumb

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11
Q

What is skeleton of the wrist formed by

A

8 Carpal bones

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12
Q

What rows are carpal bones organised into?

A

2 rows, proximal and distal (4 bones in each section)

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13
Q

What bones are in the distal row of the carpals?

A

Hamate, Capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

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14
Q

What bones are in the Proximal carpal bones

A

Pisiform, Triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid

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15
Q

What is the palm consisted of?

A

Metacarpals. 5 long bones radiating from wrist. Proximal ends of bones articulate with carpals.

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16
Q

What are digits made of?

A

14 individual phalanx bones

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17
Q

What is thumb known as and how many phalanx does it have?

A

pollex and has proximal and distal phalanx

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18
Q

How many bones is Pelvis composed of and what are they?

A

4 Bones

Sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae

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19
Q

What is a part of the pelvic girdle?

A

Right and left ossa coxae

20
Q

What is the duty of the right and left ossa coxae?

A

➢ Transfers weight of upper body to lower limbs

➢ Protects visceral organs in pelvic cavity

21
Q

What is each os coxa composed of?

A

➢ Each os coxa (coxal/hip) bone composed of 3 regions

  • Ilium - largest
  • Ischium - posterioinferior
  • Pubis - anteroinferior
22
Q

Two additional features of the ossa coxae are?

A

Acetabulum- Deep socket that forms articulation with head of femur
Obturator foramen- Large hole inferior to acetabulum through which some blood vessels & nerves pass

23
Q

Features of the ilium?

A

Iliac crest – superior margin
Ala – winglike portion
Anterior superior iliac spine – Easily
felt through skin

24
Q

Features of the Ischium

A 
Ischial spine – ligament
attachment point
Ischial tuberosity – roughened
prominence that bears body weight
when sitting.
25
Q

Features of the pubis

A

Body - Anterior aspect unites with
other coxal bone at pubic
symphysis.
Inferior ramus

26
Q

What is the only bone in the thigh?

A

The Femur

27
Q

Proximal features of the Femur

A

➢ Head- rounded projection, articulates with acetabulum
➢ Neck - connects head to shaft
➢ Greater trochanter - projects laterally from junction of neck
& shaft
➢ Lesser trochanter – projection located on posteromedial
surface of neck
➢ The trochanters are important muscle attachment points

28
Q

What is in the shaft of the femur?

A

➢Linea aspera – vertical ridge on posterior shaft.

Provides muscle attachment points

29
Q

Distal features of the Femur

A

➢ Lateral & medial condyles – large rounded projections that
articulate with lateral & medial condyles of tibia
➢ Intercondylar fossa – deep recess on posterior surface that
separates the two condyles
➢ Patellar surface - medial depression on anterior surface that
articulates with patella

30
Q

What type of bone is the patella

A

Knee bone, triangular sesamoid bone

31
Q

Main features of patella

A

Has broad superior base & pointed apex

➢ Articulates with patella surface of femur

32
Q

Duty and positioning of the tibia

A

The Tibia is the medial bone of the leg & receives the weight
of the body

33
Q

Proximal features of tibia

A

➢ Medial & lateral condyles – articulate with the condyles of
the femur.
➢ Intercondylar eminence – an irregular projection between
the two condyles.
➢ Tibial tuberosity – attachment site for patellar ligament
which is continuous with tendon of Quadriceps femoris
muscle group.

34
Q

Shaft of tibia

A

Anterior border / crest – triangular projection along anterior
shaft.

35
Q

Features of distal tibia

A 
Articulates with fibula & talus
(bone of foot).
➢ Medial malleolus –
a prominent process
that forms the medial
bulge of the ankle.
36
Q

What is the fibula ?

A

the lateral bone of the leg but does not bear weight.

Provides sites for muscle attachment.

37
Q

Features of the fibula

A

➢ Head – articulates with proximal
aspect of tibia
➢ Lateral malleolus – lateral projection
that forms lateral bulge of ankle

38
Q

How many tarsal bones are there and what are their categorisation?

A

7 bones of the posterior half of foot

➢ Bones organised into 2 groups (proximal & distal)

39
Q

What is the function of talus and where does it articulate?

A

Talus articulates with tibia at trochlear surface & fibula at
lateral aspect
Carries body weight

40
Q

What are the distal bones of the tarsus?

A

Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform and cuboid

41
Q

What are the proximal bones of the tarsus?

A

Navicular, talus and calcaneus

42
Q

What are metatarsals?

A

➢ 5 small long bones radiating from tarsus

➢ Distal ends articulate with phalanges.

43
Q

What are phalanges in the feet?

A 
➢ 14 individual bones (phalanx) of the toes
➢ Each toe has a proximal, middle & distal phalanx except the
great toe (hallux) that has only a proximal & distal phalanx.
44
Q

How many bones are in the Appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

45
Q

Which organs does the pelvic girdle protect?

A

▪ Reproductive organs
▪ Urinary bladder
▪ Part of the large intestine

46
Q

Arches of the feet

A

▪ Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong
arches
▪ Two longitudinal
▪ One transverse

LSB142 Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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