Joints

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position:

Answer 1

Facing forward
arms by sides
palms facing forward
legs/feet together
Toes facing forward
(Penis erect)

Question 2

Define the Sagittal plane:

Answer 2

A plane that cuts the body vertically from anterior to posterior

Question 3

What is the median plane?

Answer 3

A type of sagittal plane cutting the body directly down the centre. i.e. the mid sagittal plane

Question 4

Define the frontal plane and give its other name:

Answer 4

The plane that cuts the body vertically into posterior and anterior. Also known as teh Coronal plane

Question 5

Define the transverse plane:

Answer 5

A transverse plane is one that cuts the body horizontally. Convention dictates that scans of this kind show the superior view of the body (looking up from the floor)

Question 6

What is a joint?

Answer 6

A union between two or more rigid structures (bone or cartilage)

Question 7

Why are joints needed?

Answer 7

For movement and Growth

Question 8

Name the 3 main joint types (structurally):

Answer 8

Fibrous
Cartilogenous
Synovial

Question 9

What makes up a fibrous joint?

Answer 9

Dense connective tissue (collagen) of high tensile strength

Question 10

Do fibrous joints move?

Answer 10

They move in children but not in adults

Question 11

What makes fibrous joints useful?

Answer 11

They have flexibility in children so enable flexibility in the skull of babies when passing through the tight birth canal.

Question 12

Give 3 examples of fibrous joints:

Answer 12

Sutures between flat bones in skull
Teeth
Syndesmosis, such as the interosseous membrane between bones (e.g. tibia and fibula)

Question 13

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 13

Synchondroses (primary) and symphyses (secondary)

Question 14

What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 14

Primary contain only one type of cartilage, secondary contain two.

Question 15

What is the purpose of the synchondroses, how long do they last and what cartilage makes them up?

Answer 15

They allow for bone growth but not movement.
they ossify in adulthood.
hyaline cartilage.

Question 16

Give an example of a synchondrose

Answer 16

The epithyseal growth plate in long bones

Question 17

Do symphases move, where are they found and how long do they last?

Answer 17

Symphases have limited movement
They are found in the midline (e.g. spine and pelvis)
They last your whole life, never ossifying due to age.

Question 18

Give 2 examples of symphases:

Answer 18

The pubic symphysis that connects the front of the pelvis
The intervertabral disc, the disc is made from stron fibrocartilage and the ariticular cartilage surrounding the bone ends is hyaline cartilage.

Question 19

What made synovial joints special?

Answer 19

They have the greatest freedom of movement

Question 20

What common features do all synovial joints have?

Answer 20

A synovial cavity
Synovial membrane
A fibrous capsule surrounding bothq

Question 21

What 3 features do some synovial joints have?

Answer 21

Bersae, a fluid filled sac that combats friction in joints
Articular discs, thin disc of fibrocartilage seperating synovial cavity allowing for seperate movement in each section
Ligaments, fibrous connective tissue connecting bones.

Question 22

Name the 6 main joint shapes:

Answer 22

Saddle
Ball & socket
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyler (ellipsoid)

Question 23

Define flexion and extension:

Answer 23

Flexion is bending around a join (e.g. knee) to reduce angle btween bones
Extension is the opposite

Question 24

Define adduction and abduction:

Answer 24

Abduction is movement away from the body’s midline

Adduction is opposite.

Question 25

What are lateral and median rotation:

Answer 25

Rotation away from the midline is lateral and towards the midline is median rotation.

Question 26

Define inversion and eversion:

Answer 26

Inversion is tilting the sole of the foot so it faces towards the midline
Eversion if the opposite

Question 27

Define CircumductionL

Answer 27

A combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
It refers to conical motion of a joint such as swinging to serve a tennis ball.

Question 28

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 28

Dorsiflexion is flexing the foot upwards towards the doria surface (front) of the body.
It is extension of the ankle joint and therfore True extension

Question 29

Explain what plantarflexion is:

Answer 29

Plantarflexion is flexing the foot downward towards the rear (plantar) surface of the body.
It’s flexion of the joint and therfore known as true flexion.

Question 30

What 3 things does joint stability rely on?

Answer 30

The shape of the joint
Muscles around it
the prescence of Ligaments and a fibrous capsule

Question 31

What does anastomoses mean?

Answer 31

An anastomose is an area around a join where blood vessels heavily branch then rejoin together.
This provides multiples pathways for blood should one be squashed during joint movement.

Question 32

What is proprioception and how is it related to joints?

Answer 32

Proprioception is awareness of all body parts locations and proprioceptors exist in the joints.

Question 33

What is Hilton’s Law?

Answer 33

A nerve supplying muscle cross a joint will also innervate said joint

Question 34

Give 3 examples of joint pathology:

Answer 34

Trauma
Arthritis (Osteo- and Rheumatoid)
Craniosynostosis

Question 35

what is craniosynostosis?

Answer 35

Premature closure of sutures between flat bones in the skull in babies.

Question 36

What are the effects of craniosynostosis?

Answer 36

Abnormal head shapes
Possible abnormal brain development
Possible increased intracranial pressure leading to brain damage and crushed nerves (blindness etc)