Blood introduction Flashcards
6 Functions of Blood?
1) Carriage of physiologically acitve compounds
2) Clotting
3) defence
4) Carriage of Gas
5) Thermoregulation
6) Maintains ECF pH
Albumin plasma protein
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein
IT transports insoluble molecules
The dominant contributer to colloid oncotic pressure
Globulin plasma protein
Alpha & beta are transport proteins
Gamma globulins are antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Fibrinogen etc
One of many clotting factors
Do plasma proteins cross the capillary wall?
No
How do plasma proteins generate oncotic pressure?
They disperse water creating an osmotic gradient which pulls water from ISF into the blood.
How does colloid oncotic pressure affect concentration and volume of fluid?
Concentration of fluids remain unchanged and the volumes of ISF & plasma alter to ensure this.
What determines net fluid movement?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure, CHP (outward)
Colloid oncotic pressure
Why isnt interstitial hydrostatic pressure involved in net fluid movement?
Its much smaller than the Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure so is negligible.
What is hypoproteinaemia?
Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma protein
What does hypoproteinaemia cause?
- Prolonged starvation
- liver disease
- intestinal diseases
- nephrosis (kidney disease)
What is the main common characteristic of hyoproteinaemia?
Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure
What are myeloid cells?
Any blood cell that isnt a lymphocyte
How are lymphocytes formed?
- > pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
- > Lymphocyte stem cells
- > lymphocytes
How are other blood cells formed?
- > Pluripotent hematopoeietic stem cells
- > uncommited stem cells
- > committed progenitor cells
How are mature RBC specifically formed?
commited progenitor cells
- > erythroblast (bone marrow)
- > reticulocyte (circulation)
- > Erythrocyte (circulation)
How are platelets specifically formed?
Commited progenitor cells
- > megakaryocyte (bone marrow)
- > Platelets (circulation)
What are lymphoid cells?
White blood cells
What type(s) of cell is a neutrophil?
Lymphoid cell & Myeloid cell
What types of cell is an erythrocyte?
RBC & Myeloid cell
What types of cell are platelets?
Myeloid cells
What types of cell are basophil cells?
Myeloid
Lymphoid
What types of cell are lymphocytes?
Lymphoid
What types of cell are basophils?
Lymphoid
Myeloid
What types of cell are eosinophils?
Myeloid
Lymphoid
What is the colour change of erythrocytes?
Arterial ones contain oxyhaemoglobin bright red
Venous ones contain deoxyhaemoglobin so are blue-purple
What is the lifespan of an Erythrocyte?
120 days
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
Bi-concave
What is the haemotocrit?
The percentage of the blood that is RBCs
Why is plasma yellow?
From the prescence of bilirubin, a breakdown product of RBCs
What is blood viscosity?
How thick/sticky it is compared to water. E.g. blood is 3-4x thicker than water and plasma is 1.8x thicker than water.
What does viscosity depedn on?
Haematocit (50% increase in haemotocrit doubles blood viscosity) Temperature (1C change alters viscosity by 2%) Flow rate (decrease causees increased viscosity and vice versa)
How does the haematocit affect Viscosity?
A 50% increase in haematocrit doubles the viscosity of blood
How does flow rate alter viscosity?
The lower the flow rate the higher the viscosity
How is viscosity affected by temperature?
A 1C change in temperatue changes viscosity by 2%. (Increasing temp decreases viscosity and vice versa)
What controls LEukopoiesis?
A cocktail of different cytokines
What are cytokines?
Peptides/proteins released form one cell type and acting on another
What releases cytokines?
Fibroblasts
Mature white blood cells
Endothelial cells
How does leukopoiesis vary?
The stimulation (i.e. cytokines used) is different depending on the infection. I.e. during bacterial infection the stiumlation of neutrophil production increases (same with lymphoscytes for viral)
What does it mean if teh cytokine cocktail is dynamic?
IT means its changin its composition in repsonse to infection to infulencewhich white blood cells are formed.
What factor binds platelets to damaged vessel walls?
The von Willibrand Factor
What controls/stimulates erythropioesis?
Eryhtropoietin
What stimulates secretion of erythropoietin?
When oxygen levels in kidney are hypoxic. (low oxygen delivery to kidneys)
