Joints

Question 1

Functions of joints

Answer 1

Hold bones together

Allow for mobility

Question 2

2 Ways joints are classified

Answer 2

Functionally

Structurally

Question 3

3 Structural Classification of Joints and an explanation

Answer 3

Fibrous joints- connect bones without allowing any movement e.g. in the skull and pelvis
Cartilaginous joints where bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or ribs.
Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain the synovial fluid.

Question 4

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 4

Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Ball and socket

Question 5

3 Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

Answer 5

Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

Question 6

Difference between Flexion and Extension

Answer 6

Flexion is usually forward of the body 
Eg. When bringing your forearm toward you
Except the knee (opposite)
The joint angle decreases in Flexion
Extension is the opposite 
The joint action increases in Extension

Question 7

Difference between Abduction and Adduction

Answer 7

Abduction
away from the midline of the body
Adduction
towards and continuing across the midline of the body

Question 8

What is Rotation

Answer 8

A rotary movement inward (medial) or outward (lateral)

Eg. turning the hip in and out, or rotation of the thoracic vertebrae

Question 9

what is circumduction

Answer 9

Circle part of the body

Eg. the ball and socket joints

Question 10

what is horizontal flexion and exension

Answer 10

Also known as Horizontal shoulder adduction (flexion) and abduction (extension)
A forward or backward movement in the horizontal plane e.g. drawing the arm across the body

Question 11

what is elevation and depression

Answer 11

To lift and drop a joint
Mainly referring to the shoulder girdle
Eg. shrugging the shoulders

Question 12

what is the difference between lateral flexion and extension

Answer 12

Lateral flexion:
To bend sideways with the truck or neck
Lateral extension:
To straighten from a sideways bending movement

Question 13

Difference between pronation and supination

Answer 13

Pronation : To turn the palm down

Supination: To turn the palm up

The terms ‘prone’ and ‘supine’ relevant to exercise
Prone – face down
Supine - face up

Question 14

Difference between plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

Answer 14

Plantar Flexion-
Pointing the toes away from the body
Dorsi Flexion-
To pull the toes towards the body

Question 15

Difference between Protraction and retraction

Answer 15

Protraction
The shoulders are drawn forwards, rounding the shoulders
Retraction
The shoulders are drawn back as if to bring the shoulder blades (scapulae) as close together as possible

Question 16

muscle origins and insertions:

Answer 16

Origin: usually nearer the midline of the body or superior
Insertion: usually away from the midline or inferior
There are exceptions e.g. some muscles that run vertically reverse this rule e.g. rectus abdominis