Joints

Question 1

JOINTS

Answer 1

• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints
  Blood supply: Articular branches vessels crossing joint
  Innervation: Articular branches nerves supplying muscles acting on joint

Question 2

FIBROUS JOINTS

Answer 2

1. SUTURES
   - Cranial bones skull
2. GOMPHOSES
   - Teeth and Adjacent bone
   - Short collagen tissue fibers periodontal ligament
3. SYNDESMOSES
   - 2 Adjacent bones linked by ligament
   - eg. Ligamentum flavum
   - eg. Interosseous membranes connecting Radius and Ulna

Question 3

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Answer 3

1. SYNCHONDROSES (Primary Cartilaginous Joints)
   ~ Bone separated by layer of Hayline cartilage
   -eg. Growth plate
   -eg. First sternocostal and Xiphosternal joint
2. SYMPHYSES (Secondary Cartilaginous Joints)
   - 2 separate bones lined by hyaline cartilage interconnected by Fibrous Cartilage
   - eg. Pubic symphysis
   - eg. Intervertebral discs

Question 4

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Answer 4

Lined Hyaline Cartilage
INNER SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
- Interface between cartilage and bone
- Highly vascular
- Produces Synovial Fluid
OUTER FIBROUS MEMBRANE
- Dense connective tissue
- Form ligaments
~ Stabilize joint

Question 5

SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPES

Answer 5

PLANE/GLIDING JOINT
- sliding/gliding movement
CONDYLAR (ELLIPSOID) JOINT
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction(limited)
HINGE JOINT
- flexion and extension
PIVOT JOINT
- rotation
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
SADDLE JOINT
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Question 6

STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT

Answer 6

SADDLE type synovial joint
- Proximal end clavicle and clavincular notch manubrium
- Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction and some Rotation
Reinforced By:
~ Anterior sternocIavicular ligament
~ Posterior sternocIavicular ligament
~ Interclavicular ligament
~ Costoclavicular ligament

Question 7

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

Answer 7

PLANE type synovial joint
- Medial surface acromion and acromial end clavicle
- Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction and some Rotation
Reinforced By:
~ AcromiocIavicular ligament
~ Coracoclavicular ligament

Question 8

GLENOHUMERAL JOINT

Answer 8

BALL AND SOCKET type synovial joint
- Head of humerus and glenoid cavity scapula
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction
Reinforced By:
~ Superior, Middle, and Inferior Glenohumeral ligament
~ Coracohumeral Iigament
~ Transverse humeral ligament

Question 9

ELBOW JOINT

Answer 9

HINGE type synovial joint
- Trochlea notch ulna and trochlea humerus
- Head radius and capitulum humerus
- Flexion and Extension
Reinforced By:
~ Medial /Ulnar collateral ligament
~ Lateral /Radial collateral ligament

Question 10

PROXIMAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT

Answer 10

PIVOT type synovial joint
- head radius and radial notch ulna
- Pronation and Supination
Reinforced By:
~ Annular ligament

Question 11

DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINT

Answer 11

PIVOT type synovial joint
- head ulna and ulnar notch radius
- Pronation and Supination
- Fibrous ARTICULAR DISC
Reinforced By:
~Anterior/Posterior Distal Radioulnar ligaments

Question 12

INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE

Answer 12

Medial border radius and Lateral border ulna
Free Upper Margin - inferior to radial tuberosity
Small Circular Aperture - distal 1/3

Question 13

WRIST JOINT

Answer 13

ELLIPSOID type synovial joint
- distal end radius and articular disc to scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
- flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Reinforced By:
~ Palmar/ Dorsal Radiocarpal ligament
~ Palmar/Dorsal Ulnocarpal ligament
~ Radial/Ulnar Collateral Iigament

Question 14

CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT

Answer 14

SADDLE type synovial joint
- metacarpal 1 and trapezium
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction
PLANE type synovial joint
- metacarpals 2-5 and Carpal bones
- limited gliding movement
Reinforced By:
~ Palmar/Dorsal Carpometacarpal ligaments

Question 15

METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT

Answer 15

ELLIPSOID type synovial joint
- distal heads metacarpals and proximal phalanges
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and limited rotation
Reinforced By:
~ Palmar Medial Collateral ligament
~ Palmar Lateral Collateral ligament
~ Deep Transverse Metacarpal ligaments

Question 16

INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT

Answer 16

HINGE type synovial joint
- phalanges
- flexion and extension
Reinforced By:
~ Palmar Medial Collateral ligament
~ Palmar Lateral Collateral ligament

Question 17

LUMBOSACRAL JOINT

Answer 17

SYMPHYSES (Secondary Cartilaginous Joint)
- sacrum and L5 vertebrae
Reinfaced By:
~ Iliolumbar ligament
~ Lumbosacral ligaments

Question 18

SACRO-ILIAC JOINT

Answer 18

PLANE type synovial joint
- L-shaped articular facets lateral sacrum and similar facets ilium
Reinforced By:
~ Anterior Sacro- iliac ligament
~ Interosseous Sacro-iliac ligament
~ Posterior Sacro-iliac ligament

Question 19

PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

Answer 19

SYMPHYSES (Secondary Cartilaginous Joint)
- Pubic bones
Reinforced By:
~ Superior pubic ligament
~ Inferior pubic ligament

Question 20

HIP JOINT

Answer 20

BALL AND SOCKET type synovial joint
- head femur and acetabulum pelvic bone
- multiaxial joint for stability and weight-bearing
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction
Reinforced By:
~ Iliofemoral ligament
~ Pubofemoral ligament
~ Ischiofemoral ligament
~ Transverse acetabular ligament
~ Round ligament head of femur

Question 21

KNEE JOINT

Answer 21

Largest synovial joint
- flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation
1. TIBIOFEMORAL Joint
- MODIFIED HINGE type synovial joint
- femoral condyle and tibial condyle
2. PATELLOFEMORAL Joint
-PLANE type synovial joint
- patella and femur
MEDIAL AND LATERAL MENISCI
- fibrocartilaginous C-shaped cartilages
- femoral condyle and tibial condyle
INTRASCAPULAR Ligament
~ Anterior cruciate ligament
~ Posterior cruciate ligament
EXTRACAPSULAR Ligaments
~ Patellar ligament
~ Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
~ Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Question 22

INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE LEG

Answer 22

Tough fibrous sheet connective tissue
- interosseous borders tibial and fibular shafts
- two apertures (allow vessels pass between leg compartments)

Question 23

ANKLE JOINT

Answer 23

HINGE type synovial joint
- talus of foot and tibia and fibula of leg
- dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
ROOT of socket: inferior surface distal and tibia
MEDIAL side socket: medial Malleolus tibia
LATERAL side socket: lateral Malleolus fibula
Reinforced By:
~ Medial (Deltoid) ligament
~ Anterior/ Posterior talofibular ligaments
~ Calcaneofibular ligament