Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous joints

A

2 bones are united by fibrous tissue
Immovable
Eg. Cranial sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

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2
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones united by cartilage
Limited movement
Eg. Primary synchondroses (bone to rib) and secondary symphysis (pubic symphysis)

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3
Q

Synovial joints

A

Synovial capsule with: membrane, fluid and cavity
Moveable
Eg. Plane (sliding), hinge (elbow), saddle (thumb), pivot (radius), condyloid (wrist), ball and socket (hip and shoulder)

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4
Q

Hip joint neurovascular supply

A

The arterial supply- medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries – branches of the profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery). They anastomose at the base of the femoral neck to form a ring, from which smaller arteries arise to supply the hip joint itself. The artery to head of femur and the superior/inferior gluteal arteries provide some additional supply.

The hip joint is innervated primarily by the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves. These same nerves innervate the knee, which explains why pain can be referred to the knee from the hip and vice versa.

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5
Q

Anatomical movements in the hip joint

A

• Flexion – iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
• Extension – gluteus maximus; semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris (the hamstrings)
• Abduction – gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and tensor fascia latae
• Adduction – adductors longus, brevis and magnus, pectineus and gracilis
• Lateral rotation – biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis, assisted by the obturators, gemilli and quadratus femoris.
• Medial rotation – anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae

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6
Q

Knee joint neurovascular supply

A

The blood supply to the knee joint is through the genicular anastomoses around the knee, which are supplied by the genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries.

The nerve supply is by the nerves which supply the muscles which cross the joint. These are the femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves

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7
Q

Medial and lateral menisci

A

The medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage structures in the knee that serve two functions:
• To deepen the articular surface of the tibia, thus increasing stability of the joint.
• To act as shock absorbers by increasing surface area to further dissipate forces.
• Medial is larger

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8
Q

Bursa

A

A bursa is synovial fluid filled sac, found between moving structures in a joint – with the aim of reducing wear and tear on those structures. There are four bursae found in the knee joint:
• Suprapatellar bursa – an extension of the synovial cavity of the knee, located between the quadriceps femoris and the femur.
• Prepatellar bursa – found between the apex of the patella and the skin.
• Infrapatellar bursa – split into deep and superficial. The deep bursa lies between the tibia and the patella ligament. The superficial lies between the patella ligament and the skin.
• Semimembranosus bursa – located posteriorly in the knee joint, between the semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius.

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9
Q

Anatomical movements in the knee

A

• Extension: Produced by the quadriceps femoris, which inserts into the tibial tuberosity.
• Flexion: Produced by the hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus.
• Lateral rotation: Produced by the biceps femoris.
• Medial rotation: Produced by five muscles; semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

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10
Q

Hip joint

A

Synovial
Ball and socket

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11
Q

Knee joint

A

Synovial
Hinge

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12
Q

Pubic joint

A

Cartilaginous
Symphysis

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13
Q

Fibula tibia joint

A

Fibrous
Syndesmosis ( a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments)

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14
Q

Cranial joint

A

Fibrous
Suture

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15
Q

Elbow joint

A

Synovial
Pivot

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16
Q

Thumb joint

A

Synovial
Saddle

17
Q

Hand joint

A

Synovial
Plane

18
Q

Teeth joint

A

Fibrous
Gomphosis

19
Q

Sternal angle joint

A

Cartilaginous
Synchrondrosis (a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage, or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage)

20
Q

Vertebrae joints

A

Cartilaginous
Symphysis