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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of joints

A

Synarthroses
Diarthrosis/synovial

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2
Q

What are the five types of synarthroses

A

synostosis
synchondrosis
symphysis
syndesmosis
gomphosis

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3
Q

Synostosis

A

two bones connected by bone (fused)
mature skull, mature pelvis

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4
Q

Synchondrosis

A

two bones connected by cartilage
growth plate

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5
Q

Symphysis

A

Two bones connected fibrocartilage
early pelvic, mandibular

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6
Q

Syndesmosis

A

two bones connected by fibrous tissue
early skull, distal tibio-fibular

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7
Q

Gomphosis

A

fibrous joint between tooth and socket

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8
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Hinge
Pivot
Planar/sliding

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9
Q

What separates synarthroses from diarthrosis joints

A

diarthrosis are more mobile joints

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10
Q

Ball and socket

A

enarthrosis
hip
3 axis

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11
Q

Ellipsoidal

A

no rotation, more restricted than ball and socket
2 axis

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12
Q

Saddle

A

sellar
interphalangeal
2 axis
‘‘2 pringles on top of each other’’

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13
Q

Hinge

A

ginglymus
hock, elbow
1 axis

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14
Q

Pivot

A

trochoid
C1/C2
cat radioulnar
1 axis

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15
Q

Planar/sliding

A

arthrosis
intercarpal, intertarsal
unusual - translation not rotation

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16
Q

Synovial membrane

A

glistening pink, many vessels and nerves
often incomplete, no basement membrane
folded or tufted
often large pouches to allow movement

17
Q

Cells in the synovial membrane

A

synoviocytes type A = phagocytic
Synoviocytes type B = secretory (of synovial fluid)

18
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

secreted by type B synoviocytes
plasma ultrafiltrate + hyaluronate
(long chains of glycosaminoglycan)
lubricate, nutritive

19
Q

What position is the high energy state in snap joints of horses

A

intermediate position
as collateral ligaments are stretched rather than relaxed

20
Q

How is articular cartilage fed

A

fed by diffusion from fluid>capsule>underlying bone
no vessels or nerves

21
Q

What is the physical structure of articular cartilage

A

arcade of arches arrangement of collagen

22
Q

What is the molecular structure of articular cartilage

A

based on glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
proteoglycans are attached to long GAG chains
Proteoglycans are a core protein with a shorter GAG sidechain

23
Q

What are the two matrix meshes of articular cartilage

A

Type II collagen protein mesh - resits tension
Hyaluronate polysaccharide mesh - resist compression

24
Q

How does the Hyaluronate polysaccharide mesh resist compression

A

Hydrophilic proteoglycans are negatively charged so repel each other and attract water

25
Q

What is the effect of retaining water in articular cartilage

A

water will weep in and out of joint space in varying pressures so:
- lubricates joint
- carries dissolved nutrients and gases to the articular cartilage

26
Q

Capsules

A

fibrous capsule attaches to periosteum
continuous with articular cartilage
supports joint

27
Q

Collateral ligaments

A

restrict the movement of the joint to one plane (sagittal plane) - hinge movements
Much innervation - proprioception, respiratory reflexes

28
Q

Menisci

A

fibrocartilage ingrowths from capsule
incomplete, c-shaped, 2 in each stifle joint

29
Q

Discs

A

fibrocartilage ingrowths from capsule
allocate different movements to different compartments (separate joint in two)
1 in each jaw joint

30
Q

Labra

A

fibrocartilaginous extension to the joint surface
hip joint

31
Q

Fat pads

A

lie between synovial membrane and capsule - padding the joint

32
Q

Bursae

A

small spaces between bones and the:
- tendon -biceps and humerus in horses
- occasional muscles

33
Q

What clinical condition can reduce joint function

A

degeneration of either the collagen or glycosaminoglycan meshes

Anatomy (7 decks)

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