Joints

Question 1

how did we divide the joints?

Answer 1

in 2 groups: continuous and discontinuous

Question 2

what’s the other name for continuous joints?

Answer 2

synarthroses

Question 3

types of fibrous syndesmosis?

Answer 3

1. the ones made out of collagenous tissue (interosseous menbrane)
2. sutures of the skull
3. gomphosis

Question 4

types of sutures?

Answer 4

1. Serrated suture
2. Squamous suture
3. Plane suture

Question 5

what type of a joint is the one in your mandible?

Answer 5

gomphosis.

Question 6

what’s the other name for the cartilaginous joints?

Answer 6

synchondrisis

Question 7

what are synchondroses composed of?

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage

Question 8

where can we find the synchondrosis joints?

Answer 8

1.,6.,7., rib; epiphysial disks

Question 9

what is a symphysis composed of?

Answer 9

fibrocartilage+connective tissue

Question 10

what’s the firmest type of joints

Answer 10

synostosis (hipbone, diaphysis, epiphysis)

Question 11

what are discontinuous joints also called?

Answer 11

synovial joints

Question 12

what are the parts of synovial joints?

Answer 12

articular surface, articular capsule, joint cavity, extra support structures ( labrums, ligaments, bursae…)

Question 13

how can we classify bones when talking about movement of the joint?

Answer 13

the movable segment and the fixed (stationary) segment

Question 14

what’s the angle of excursion?

Answer 14

method we use for assessing the joint mobility, it’s the angle between the initial and the final position of a joint

Question 15

what’s a mid position?

Answer 15

it’s the position of the joint in which all the parts of an articular capsule are under the same tension

Question 16

what influences the joint mobility?

Answer 16

bony limit, lig. limit, soft tissue limit etc.

Question 17

what are articular surfaces covered with?

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage/fibrous cartilage or connective tissue + fibrous cartilage

Question 18

what nourishes the articular surfaces?

Answer 18

synovial fluid + diffusion from the capillaries

Question 19

what are the layers of joint capsule?

Answer 19

synovial membrane and the outer fibrous membrane

Question 20

what does the synovial membrane create?

Answer 20

synovial villi, plicae synoviales, synovial folds

Question 21

what is the outer fibrous membrane of the capsule composed of?

Answer 21

collagen fibers + a few elastic ones

Question 22

what is a joint cavity?

Answer 22

it’s a cleft-like space filled with synovial fluid.

Question 23

why is synovial fluid important?

Answer 23

diagnostics, nutritive, lubricant, has mucin etc

Question 24

what are the properties of the synovial fluid?

Answer 24

clear, viscous (dependent on hyaluronic acid content + temperature)

Question 25

how did we classify the ligaments ?

Answer 25

1. Guiding ligaments
2. Restrictive ligaments
3. Reinforcing ligaments (for the joint caps)

Question 26

based on location, how did we classify joint ligaments?

Answer 26

extracapsular, capsular, intracapsular

Question 27

how do articular disks divide the joint cavity? what abt menisci articulares?

Answer 27

disks completely separate the cavity, meniscuses only partially

Question 28

how do we classify the discontinuous joints based on the axis?

Answer 28

monaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Question 29

how did we classify the discontinuous joints based on their degrees of freedom?

Answer 29

1,2,3 degrees of freedom

Question 30

how did we classify the discontinuous joints based on their number of articular surfaces?

Answer 30

simple (2 surfaces 1 capsule) and complex (more than one surface)

Question 31

how did we classify the discontinuous joints based on the shape of the articular surfaces?

Answer 31

1. a hinge joint (ginglymus) - convex + concave art. surface. tense lateral ligaments present. one degree of freedom. “cylindrical” joint.
2. a trochoid joint - pivot joint and rotatory joints. one axis one degree of freedom. one cylindrical convex surface and a corresponding concave j. surface. joint axis runs through the cylindrical surface.
3. Ellipsoidal/condylar joints - convex + concave elliptical joint surface, 2 degrees of freedom, multiaxial ( 2 principal axes ) RADIOCARPAL j.
4. Saddle joint - 2 saddle like surfaces, convex and concave curvature, 2 degrees of freedom, 2 main axes, multiaxial, circumduction possible
5. Ball-and-socket/spheroidal joints - multiaxial, a globular bony head + cup/socket. 3 degrees of freedo, 3 principal axes. SHOULDER JOINT. Enarthrosis has sockets that extend beyond the equator of the head (hip joint)
6. Fixed - amphiarthrosis, limited mobility, articular surfaces rough, lig. + capsule taut. EG. SACROILIAC JOINT