Joint and Muscle Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Wolff law

A

-Bones will adapt based on stress or demands placed on them
-Tissue properties and joint shapes will change as a result of the demands on them

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2
Q

Structure types of joints

A

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

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3
Q

Joint movement types

A
  • synarthrosis
    -amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
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4
Q

Fibrous joint

A

-join together by fibrous interosseous connective tissue with little to no movement (synarthrosis)

Suture joint: bone edges interlock, one another. Example: frontal and parietal bones.

Gomphosis: Peg in hole joint, tooth in mandible

Syndesmosis: joined by interosseous ligament; radius and ulna

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5
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Connected by fibrocartilage, or Highline cartilage; allows for some movement (amphiarthrosis)

Symphysis: directly joined by fibrocartilage and covered with hyaline ; intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

Synchondrosis: connected by Highline cartilage; growth, plates, and ribs

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6
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • no connective tissue; free to move (diarthrosis)
    -Stabilization provided by capsule, ligaments, muscles
    -Inner layer: provides lubrication and nutrition
    -outer layer, dense a regular connective tissue, good innovation, proprioception
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7
Q

Type one joint receptor

A

Ruffini: senses stretch
-Located in fibrous layer of joint capsules

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8
Q

Type two joint receptors

A

Pacini: compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure of a joint
-Located throughout joint capsule and in deep layer of fat pads

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9
Q

Type Three joint receptors

A

Golgi pressure and forceful joint motion into extremes
-Inner layer of joint capsules, ligaments and tendons

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10
Q

Type four unmyelinated, free nerve endings

A

-Mechanical stress or biomechanical stress
-located around blood vessels, fat pads, collateral ligaments

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11
Q

Synovial fluid

A

-made up of hyaluronate (viscosity to fluid essential for lubrication within the synovial folds.)
-lubricin (cartilage on cartilage lubrication)
-Clear or pale yellow fluid

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12
Q

Uniaxial axial joints

A

Hinge joint: humeroulnar
Pivot joint: proximal radioulnar joint

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13
Q

Biaxial joints

A

Condyloid: radiocarpal joint
Saddle joint: 1st carpometacarpal joint

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14
Q

Triaxial joints

A

Plane joint: intercarpal joint
Ball-and-socket: hip joint

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15
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of bones for physiological joint motion
-Described by plain of movement , axis of motion, and direction

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16
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

Movement of the joint surfaces
Roll: role of one joint surface on another (often occurs with slide)
Slide : linear translation on one or another (often occurs with role)
Spin: rotation

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17
Q

Concave moving on convex rule

A

Roll and glide occur in the same direction

Ex: Tibia moves on femur by rolling, anteriorly and sliding interiorly

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18
Q

Convex moving on concave rule

A

Roll and glide occur in opposite directions
-femur moving on tibia rolls posteriorly while sliding anteriorly

19
Q

Close – packed joint play

A
  • full congruence on surfaces
    -Usually extreme range of motion
    – Joint is compressed, while capsule and ligaments are taught
    No distraction, no further movement available
    – Tightest position
20
Q

Loose – packed joint play

A

– Incongruent surface
– Usually mid position
– Ligaments and capsule laxity: distraction available
– Rest position

21
Q

Soft end feel

A

Limited by soft tissues

Elbow flexion

22
Q

Firm end feel

A

Limited by capsule/ligament structures

Knee extension

23
Q

Hard end feel

A

Limited by bone

Elbow extension

24
Q

Type one collagen

A

– Most tension
– Majority of collagen in body

25
Type two collagen
Compression
26
Hyaline cartilage
- type two cartilage – Resist compressive forces from joint surfaces – Avascular
27
Fibrocartilage
– Mostly type one – Resist, compressive and tensile forces (meniscus and intervertebral discs -Limited vascularity
28
Isotropic materials
Display same mechanical behaviors, no matter the direction of the force applied -Glass cup
29
Anisotropic material
Behave differently, depending on the size and direction of the force Example: iPad
30
Mechanical behaviors: toe region
Laxity in tissue begins to straighten
31
Mechanical behaviors: elastic region
Can return to original shape and size after being deformed
32
Mechanical behaviors: yield point
Following elastic region, the yield point signals, the point of no return for the tissue
33
Mechanical behaviors: plastic region
Residual deformations of the tissues will be permanent
34
Mechanical behaviors: failure point
Tear or break of tissues
35
Strain
Deformation in response to an externally applied load (Final length – original length)/original length
36
Brittle
Little deformation required before failure
37
Ductile
Great deformation required before failure
38
Titin
Structural protein within the cycle that maintains position of myosin during muscle contraction
39
Pennation
Orientation of muscle fibers to tendon
40
Length tension relationship
Optimal circle length is 1.2x resting length Active insufficiency: decreased force capability due to shorten state of agonist, and Lincoln state of antagonist
41
Reverse action
Proximal segment of body moves while the distal segment remains stationary – Closed chain
42
Pathokinesiology of muscle: Immobilization in short position
– Decrease number of sarcomeres – Increase sarcomere length, atrophy, and connective tissue
43
Pathokinesiology of muscle: immobilization in long position
– Long cast in knee extension – increased number of sarcomeres – Decreased sarcomere length – Hypertrophy