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Bonus exam > Jenney Exam 2 > Flashcards

Jenney Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is fatty acid regulated?

A

By its rate limiting steps vis acetyl CoA carboxylase

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2
Q

What are the four levels of fatty acid regulation?

A

Transcriptional regulation
Polymerization (allosteric)
Phosphorylation
Hormones

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3
Q

How does polymerization work?

A

ACC is active when it is a polymer
Citrate activates polymerization
Palmitoyl CoA inactivates polymerization

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4
Q

How does phosphorylation work?

A

When the enzyme is not phosphorylated the Ki for palmitoyl CoA is high nd Km for citrate is low

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5
Q

What are the hormones in fatty acid regulation and what do they do?

A

Insulin: triggers activation of citrate lyase and stimulates fatty acid synth, ACC de-phosphorylation
Glucagon and epinephrine: trigger inactivation of enzyme ACC and stimulation beta oxidation

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6
Q

What are the enzymes of the TCA cycle?

A 
Citrate synthase
Aconitase
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Succinyl-CoA synthetase 
Succinate dehydrogenase 
Fumarase
Malate dehydrogenase
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7
Q

What are the product of the TCA cycle?

A 
1 CoASH
3NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
2 CO2
3H+
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8
Q

How is the TCA cycle regulated?

A 
Pyruvate carboxylase 
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Citrate synthase  
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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9
Q

What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA
NADH
ATP

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10
Q

What activates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

NAD+

CoA

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11
Q

What activates pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Acetyl CoA
ATP
NADH

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12
Q

What is pyruvate carboxylase inhibited by?

A

NAD+

CoASH

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13
Q

What is citrate synthase inhibited by?

A

ATP
NADH
Succinyl-CoA

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14
Q

What is isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

ATP

NADH

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15
Q

What is isocitrate dehydrogenase activated by?

A

ADP

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16
Q

What is alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

NADH

Succinyl-CoA

17
Q

What is activates alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A

AMP

18
Q

What are some symptoms of defects in beta oxidation?

A

Hypoglycemia: carnitine is reabsorbed by the kidneys, fatty acids cant be broken down to provide glucose
Dicarboxylic aciduria

19
Q

What type of chain would you most likely see a defect in beta oxidation?

A

Medium fatty acid chain

20
Q

What occurs in digestions of lipids?

A

Lipases chop fatty acids off triacylglycerides

Bile salts emulsify fats

21
Q

What are the lipases which aid in digestion?

A

Lingual (short chain)
Gastric
Pancreatic

22
Q

Describe chylomicrons.

A

Largest and least dense lipoproteins

Highest concentration of triacylglycerols (TAGs)

23
Q

What do TAGs form?

A

Large globules
Broken down by lipases
Emulsified by bile salts and phospholipids into micelles
Absorbed in the brush border

24
Q

How are fatty acids and micelle components partitioned across the water layer?

A

Passive diffusion and fatty acid transporters

Needs a low conc of fatty acids in cells

25
Q

How do enterocytes remove fatty acids to maintain this low conc in cells?

A

Fatty acid binding proteins

26
Q

How are bile salts reabsorbed?

A

Happens further along intestine b/c not reabsorbed with fats
Active transport in the ileum
Passive transport occurs in small intestine and colon

27
Q

What occurs with the majority of cholesterol?

A

Esterified and makes it harder to absorb into micelle

28
Q

Which types of fatty acids are directly absorbed into portal vein?

A

Short chain fatty acid (less than 14)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Complex with serum albumin or bound to lipoprotein

29
Q

What is the function of ApoE related to lipid metabolism?

A

Hepatic clearance of antherogenic lipoprotein
Sequesters excess cholesterol at lesion sites
Co-factor for enzymes involved in HDL maturation

30
Q

What is the function of ApoE independent to lipid metabolism?

A 
Anti-inflam activity 
Anti-oxidant: inhibits LDL oxidation 
Supress apoptosis
Prevents LDL retention in artery wall 
Inhibit platelet aggregation
31
Q

What are the possible genetic treatments revelent to ApoE and ApoB-100?

A

….

Bonus exam (15 decks)

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