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Bonus exam > Baker Exam 1 > Flashcards

Baker Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Glycine

A

Gly, G

Non-polar, uncharged

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2
Q

Alanine

A

Ala, A

Non-polar, uncharged

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3
Q

Valine

A

Val, V

Non-polar, uncharged

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4
Q

Leucine

A

Leu, L

Non-polar, uncharged

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5
Q

Isoleucine

A

Ile, I

Non-polar, uncharged

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6
Q

Proline

A

Pro, P

Non-polar, uncharged

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7
Q

Phenyalanine

A

Phe, F

Non-polar, uncharged

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8
Q

Tryptophan

A

Trp, W

Non-polar, uncharged

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9
Q

Cystine

A

Cys, C

Non-polar, uncharged

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10
Q

Methionine

A

Met, M

Non-polar, uncharged

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11
Q

Serine

A

Ser, S

Polar, uncharged

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12
Q

Threonine

A

Thr, T

Polar, uncharged

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13
Q

Asparagine

A

Asp, N

Polar, uncharged

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14
Q

Glutamine

A

Gln, Q

Polar, uncharged

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15
Q

Tyrosine

A

Tyr, Y

Polar, uncharged

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16
Q

Aspartic acid

A

Asp, D

Polar, acidic, charged

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17
Q

Glutamic acid

A

Glu, E

Polar, acidic, charged

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18
Q

Histidine

A

His, H

Polar, basic, charged

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19
Q

Lysine

A

Lys, K

Polar, basic, charged

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20
Q

Arginine

A

Arg, R

Polar, basic, charged

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21
Q

How is the basic secondary structure of an alpha helix formed?

A

Hydrogen bonding between the C=O and N-group of the backbone amino acids form a coiled structure

22
Q

How is the basic secondary structure of the beta pleated sheet formed?

A

Hydrogen bonding between the C=O and N-groups of the backbone amino acids form a sheet-like arrangement

23
Q

What are super secondary structures connected by?

A

Flexible regions called “linkers” that are also functional

24
Q

What are super secondary structures

A

Secondary variants but not exactly tertiary structures

25
Q

What are beta meanders?

A

3 antiparallel beta sheets

26
Q

What are greek keys?

A

4 antiparallel beta sheets

27
Q

What is a helix-loop-helix?

A

Alpha helix then a loop and another alpha helix at a specific angle

28
Q

What does the purine salvage pathway utilize?

A

The HGPRT rxns to collect hypoxanthine and guanine to recombine then with PRPP to form nucleotide

29
Q

What is formed when hypoxanthine combines with PRPP?

A

IMP

30
Q

What is form when guanine combines with PRPP?

A

GMP

31
Q

What does xanthine oxidase do in purine carabolism?

A

Converts hypoxanthine into xanthine

Further converts hypoxanthine into uric acid which is expelled in urine

32
Q

What does guanine deaminase do in purine catabolism?

A

De-aminates guanine to form xanthine

Xanthine can be converted to uric acid and expelled by urine

33
Q

What is the intermediate product before conversion to uric acid?

A

Xanthine

34
Q

What is the final product of purine catabolism?

A

Uric acid

35
Q

What occurs in gout?

A

Build up of uric acid crystals

36
Q

What does allopurinol do?

A

Inhibits xanthine oxidase which allows more soluble xanthine and hypoxanthine to be dispelled

37
Q

What is an operon?

A

Cluster of genes under transcriptional control by one promoter

38
Q

What is the operator?

A

Regulatory region

39
Q

Polycystronic mRNA

A

Encodes for more than one protein

40
Q

Describe the lac operon

A

Allows regulation of a group of genes with common function

41
Q

What is the LacP?

A

The promoter for the lac operon

42
Q

What are the three structural genes for the lac operon?

A

LacZ (b-glactosidase - regulation)
LacY (lactose permease)
LacA (galactosidase transacetylase)

43
Q

What are the two regulatory sites on the lac operon?

A 
LacO (operator site, provides binding for repressor)
CAP site (activator protein for repressor protein)
44
Q

Lacl gene

A

Codes for the lac repressor protein

Considered a regulatory gene b/c sole function is to regulate other’s gene expression

45
Q

What occurs when lactose is absent?

A

Lac repressor protein binds to nucelotides of lac operator site which prevents RNA pol from transcribing the Lac structural genes

46
Q

What occurs when lactose is present?

A

Allolactase is a small effector molecule
4 allolactose molecules bind to lac repressor protein to prevent binding to lacO
Induction occurs and lac operon is induced

47
Q

Describe the CAP activator

A

Catabolite activator protein
Positive control of transcription
Operon is turned off when CAP is not bound

48
Q

What binds to CAP to induce complex binding?

A

cAMP

Results in bend in DNA that enchances RNA pol binding

49
Q

What inhibits the production of cAMP thus preventing binding of CAP to DNA?

A

Glucose

50
Q

What happen to lac if lactose and glucose are high?

A

Lac operon is shut off
Glucose causes cAMP levels to drop
CAP doesn’t activate transcription
Bacteria uses one sugar at a time

51
Q

What happens to lac when lactose is high but glucose is low?

A 
Lac operon is turned on
Allolactose levels rise
Prevent lac repressor from binding to operator
CAP bind to CAP site
Bacteria used lactose
52
Q

What happen to lac when lactose in low and glucose is low or high?

A

Lac operon is shut off

Low lactose - lac repressor prevents transcription of lac operon

Bonus exam (15 decks)

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