Jeffersonian Revolution (1800-1820) Flashcards
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
critical Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review stating the court has the right to review federal laws + decisions to decide if they’re constitutional.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
massive land purchase from Napoleon of France that doubled the size of the US
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)
expedition that discovered much of the western part of the North American continent and potential for economic successes there.
War of 1812
war between British and the Americas over British seizure of American ships, connections between British and Natives, and other tensions. British sacked DC in 1814 and a treaty ending the war restored diplomatic relations.
American System
plan proposed by Senator Henry Clay and others to make America economically independent by increasing industrial production in the U.S. by making a Second National Bank
Missouri Compromise (1820)
political solution devised to keep the slave and free states equal. Missouri was a slave state and Maine was free. Potential states in the northern part of Lousiana territory would be free states in the future.
12th Amendment
Amendment passed in 1804 to separate balloting in the Electoral College of president and vice president. This was the result of the 1800 election where Burr and Jefferson ended up with the same amount of votes since they both ran for president and vice president.
Judiciary Act 1801
Bill passed by Federalist Congress before the inauguration of Jefferson. They attempted to maintain control of the judiciary branches to reduce the number of judges so Jefferson could not appoint more. They also increased the number of judges that Adams could appoint before he left office. This was repealed by Congress in 1802.
midnight appointments
appointments made by an outgoing president or governor in the last hours before they leave office. The most famous was the judicial appointments made by Adams before Jefferson was inaugurated.
judicial review
Supreme Court Justice John C. Marshall stated that the court held the power to decide on the constitutionality of any law passed by Congress or the state. Many argued this should be done by the state courts, but the Federal power eventually won.
Essex Junto
group of Massachusetts Federalists who met to discuss their displeasure of Jefferson and his policies. They proposed that New England and New York secede from the Union.
impressment
British practice of forcing civilians and ex-sailors into naval service. During the Napoleonic wars, the British seized nearly 7,500 American sailors. This caused tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
Embargo Act of 1807
Declaration by Jefferson that banned all American-European trade. America’s sea rights were threatened due to the Napoleonic wars and Jefferson hoped the embargo would force Europe to respect America’s neutrality.
Non-Intercourse Act
response to France and Britain not respecting American ships, Madison supported this legislation in 1809 to stop trade with Britain and France. Other countries could trade so long as they respected America’s rights to neutrality. Britain and France largely ignored this.
Treaty of Ghent 1814
Treaty between the U.S. and the U.K. to end the War of 1812. Restored diplomatic relations, but didn’t resolve the conflicts that started the war.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of New England Federalists at the end of the War of 1812 who threatened to secede from the Union if trade restrictions were not lifted. Their protests became meaningless due to the American victory.
nullification
the belief that an individual state has the right to “nullify” any federal law that they saw unjust. Jackson resolved a Nullification Crisis in 1832, but this concept was widely accepted by Southerners and led to the Civil War.
secession
a single state or group of states leaving the US. New England Federalists threatened this during the Jefferson Administration and the Southern states did this directly before the Civil War.
Era of Good Feelings
Term used by the media from 1816-1823after the War of 1812 when the U.S. remailed free of foreign conflicts and when political strife was at a minimum due to the collapse of the Federalist party.
Second National Bank
Bank established by Congress in 1816. Madison called for this in 1815 to spur economic growth after the War of 1812. After an economic downturn in 1818, the bank shrank currency available for loans which created the collapse of 1819.
Tariff of 1816
a protectionist tariff to assist American industries after the War of 1812. This raised import duties by about 25%
