American Industrialization (1870-1910)

Question 1

Taylorism

Answer 1

factories should be managed in a scientific manner to increase efficiency of individual worker and the factory

Question 2

horizontal integration

Answer 2

strategy of owning all methods a particular part of an industry using trusts or holding companies. One example of this would be owning all potential oil refineries. Most famously used by John D. Rockefeller

Question 3

vertical integration

Answer 3

strategy of owning one full production line of an industry by controlling production, marketing, and distribution. This was famously used by Andrew Carnegie

Question 4

Gospel of Wealth

Answer 4

philosophy of Carnegie who believed that wealthy industrialists had an obligation to help local communities and organizations

Question 5

Knights of Labor

Answer 5

established in the 1880s. Major group of unions of workers from all industries and accepted unskilled workers of all classes

Question 6

American Federation of Labor

Answer 6

national labor union formed by Samuel Compers in 1886 and tried to organize workers by industry and craft

Question 7

Industrial Workers of the World

Answer 7

more radical than the AFL, formed in 1905. Attempted to unionize unskilled workers not recruited by the AFL and were called “Wobblies”

Question 8

Gilded Age

Answer 8

depiction of the late 19th century America that details a surface of prosperity hiding problems of social inequality and cultural shallowness

Question 9

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Answer 9

federal act that established a civil service system at the federal level. Not all government jobs would be political appointments

Question 10

Tammany Hall

Answer 10

political machines that helped immigrants in exchange for their votes. This was a major model for urban political machines towards the end of the 1800s

Question 11

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 11

massive economic growth during the second half of the 19th century that was mainly based on the expansion of the railroads, the introduction of electricity, and the production of steel for building. By the 1890s, America had become the biggest industrial producer in the world.

Question 12

heavy industry

Answer 12

the production of steel, iron, and other materials that can be used for building purposes. The increase in industry fueled the massive urban growth that took place during the Gilded Age

Question 13

New South

Answer 13

Concept promoted by Southerners in the late 1800s that the South had changed and was now interested in industrialization and becoming a part of the national economy. This was mainly fueled by the growing textile industry in the South.

Question 14

trusts

Answer 14

a company arrangement that allowed owners of one company to own stock in other companies in the same industry. With this, a business was able to control other similar companies in the same industry, essentially controlling the whole industry.

Question 15

holding companies

Answer 15

a company that existed to gain monopoly control over an industry by buying large shares of stock in as many companies as possible within that industry

Question 16

Social Darwinism

Answer 16

philosophy stating that people inevitably compete with each other and that the best type of people would end up on top. This concept was fueled by Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” concept. This was used to justify the economic differences as well as colonization in the late 19th century.

Question 17

Haymarket Square

Answer 17

labor rally in 1886 in favor of fair working conditions and government control over big business. A bomb was thrown into the crowd towards policemen, prompting them to open fire on the crowd. This gave labor unions a negative connotation in the public.

Question 18

consumer society

Answer 18

Many Americans in the 1950s became infatuated with new technological products and went out and purchased more than any prior generation. Consumerism during this time was heavily influenced by marketing and media advertising.

Question 19

new immigrants

Answer 19

immigrants who came from Southern/Eastern Europe who made up the majority of immigrants coming to the U.S. after 1900. Earlier immigrants appeared to be more like Americans, whereas these immigrants brought their new culture. This fueled nativist sentiments.

Question 20

Webb Alien Land Law (1913)

Answer 20

California law prevented Japanese people who weren’t citizens from owning farmland in California. This law demonstrates the nativist sentiment found in much of American society in the early 20th century

Question 21

suburbia

Answer 21

the area outside of cities where many families flocked during the late 20th century. Suburban parents often worked in the cities by favored the more relaxed feel of suburbia. Critics of this point to the extreme sexism that grew out of this time and the “housewife” stereotype.

Question 22

Bessemer steel

Answer 22

first produced in 1856, it was much more durable and harder than iron. This became a critical commodity in the Second Industrial Revolution

Question 23

spoils system

Answer 23

where an elected official gave government jobs to political allies and supporters. Reformers in the late 1800s introduced legislation calling for these jobs to be filled via a merit system where candidates for jobs were compared via their skill rather than their political viewpoint.

Question 24

Civil Service Commission

Answer 24

created by the Civil Service Act of 1883, this was in charge of testing applicants and assigning them to appropriate government jobs. This filled jobs on the basis of merit rather than the spoils system.

Question 25

professional bureaucracy

Answer 25

government officials that received their positions after taking competitive civil service tests. They were not appointed via the spoils system.

Question 26

Coxey’s Army

Answer 26

Supporters of Ohio Populist Coxey who marched on Washington in 1894. They demanded the government fix unemployment which ended up having no political impact. However, they demonstrated the social and economic impact of 1893.

Question 27

political machines

Answer 27

an organization that controls the politics of a city, state, or even a country by sometimes illegal or quasi-legal means. A machine employs a number of people to do its “dirty work” and is then given a government job or allowed some political benefit.