Jaundice

Question 1

Microsomal enzyme uridine diphosphoglucoronosyl transferase (glucuronyl transferase) catalyses the formation of what?

Answer 1

Conjugated billirubin

Question 2

Bacterial enzyme hydrolysis in the gut produces this compound which is excreted in faeces.

Answer 2

Stercobilinogen

Question 3

What is the cause of physiological jaundice of the newborn?

Answer 3

Excess breakdown of foetal haemoglobin

Question 4

What is glucagon secreted by?

Answer 4

Alpha islet cells of the pancreas

Question 5

What is pancreatic polypeptide secreted by?

Answer 5

F islet cells

Question 6

What is insulin secreted by?

Answer 6

B islet cells

Question 7

What is somostatin secreted by?

Answer 7

delta cells and extraislet neuroendocrine cell

Question 8

What structure is situated within the duodenal loop?

Answer 8

Head of the pancreas

Question 9

Which compound is returned to the liver by the enterohepatic circulation?

Answer 9

Urobilinogen

Question 10

How much bile does the gallbladder produce a day?

Answer 10

30-80ml

Question 11

Cholecystokinin is released in response to what?

Answer 11

Introduction of hydrochloric acid, amino acids, or fatty acids into the stomach or duodenum

Question 12

How many segments does the liver have?

Answer 12

8

Question 13

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Answer 13

The acinus

Question 14

What percentage of cardiac output is hepatic blood supply?

Answer 14

25%

Question 15

Causes of pre-hepatic jaundice

Answer 15

malaria, sickle-cell anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, thalassaemia

Question 16

Causes of (intra) hepatic jaundice

Answer 16

Hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, glandular fever, drug misuse, primary biliary cirrhosis, Gilbert’s syndrome, liver cancer

Question 17

Causes of post-hepatic/obstructive jaundice

Answer 17

Gallstones, pancreatic cancer, gall bladder/bile duct, pancreatitis

Question 18

Physiology of pre-hepatic jaundice

Answer 18

Increased rate of haemolysis, more bilirubin production

Question 19

Physiology of (intra) hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice

Answer 19

Reduced ability of cells to metabolise and excrete bilirubin (necrosis), build up of unconjugated bilirubin

Question 20

Physiology of post-hepatic/obstructive jaundice

Answer 20

Obstruction of biliary system, interruption to the drainage of bile containing conjugated bilirubin

Question 21

What is the structure in the middle of the hepatic lobule?

Answer 21

Central vein

Question 22

Functions of the liver

Answer 22

Conversion of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3), production of Cholesterol, storing Vitamins A D E K, glycogen storage