jaundice Flashcards

1
Q

what is jaundice ?

A

yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera due to buildup of bilirubin in the blood

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2
Q

at what level does does the yellow discoloration start to appear ?

A

when the bilirubin exceeds 40 Umol/l

2.5mg/dl

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3
Q

what is unconjugated bilirubin ?

A

insoluble bilirubin

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4
Q

what is conjugated bilirubin ?

A

soluble bilirubin

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5
Q

where does bilirubin come from ?

A

catabolism of haem from the breakdown of haemoglobin

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6
Q

what is insoluble bilirubinn bound to ?

A

albumin

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7
Q

what is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin ?

A

uridine diphophoglucuronosyl transferase

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8
Q

how is stercobilinogen made ?

A

conjugated bilirubin is metabolized by colonic bacteria

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9
Q

what is urobilinogen ?

A

a small amount of stercobilinogen is absorbed from the bowel, passes through the liver and is excreted in the urine

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10
Q

what gives stool the brown colour ?

A

stercobillinogen

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11
Q

in total obstruction what would the colour of stool be?

A

clay coloured , loon elte7ena aw el 7alawa because there is no stercobilinogen

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12
Q

what are the causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia ?

A

excessive extrahepatic production

impaired conjugation/ impaired uptake

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13
Q

what are the causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia ?

A

parenchymal liver disease

obstruction of the biliary system

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14
Q

what are the possible causes of obstruction of the biliary system ?

A

such as cancer head of pancreas

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15
Q

what are the presentations of bilirubin in liver cirrohsis ?

A

both direct and indirect bilirubin are high

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16
Q

what is the most common cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia ?

A

hemolytic jaundice

17
Q

what are the different types of jaundice ?

A

pre hepatic
hepatic
post hepatic

18
Q

what are the causes of pre haptic jaundice ?

A

haemolysis

congenital hyperbilirubinemia

19
Q

what is the presentation of congenital hyperbilirubinemia ?

A

isolated bilirubin rise without LFTs abnormality

20
Q

what is the most common form of non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia ?

A

Gilbert’s syndrome , diagnosis made by exclusion

21
Q

how does hepato-cellular jaundice happen ?

A

results from an inability of the liver to transport bilirubin into the bile as a consequence of parenchymal disease

22
Q

what can confirm that the cause of jaundice is hepato cellular?

A

if both direct and indirect bilirubin are high along with aminotransferase

23
Q

what are the causes of intrahepatic cholestasis ?

A
viral hepatitis 
drugs 
cirrohsis 
pregnancy 
autoimmune cholangitis
24
Q

what can be found in the urine inn cases of hepato-cellular jaundice ?

A

bilirubin in urine

25
Q

why would we ask for a CBC in a patient with bilirubin n?

A

to check for hemolysis

26
Q

what is an obstructive pattern ?

A

high GGT, alkaline phosphate and hyperbilirubinemia , mainly direct , mainly conjugated

27
Q

what is the next best step in management after confirming an obstructive pattern ?

A

perform an ultrasound and if still nothing appears perform an MRCP

28
Q

what is your first step in management after noticing a patient is jaundiced ?

A

ask for bilirubin

29
Q

after asking for bilirubin levels of the patient what other tests should be asked for ?

A

direct bilirubin - ask for ALP GGT then UC, MRCP
indirect bilirubin - look for heamolysis through a CBC
if biphasic - ask for ALT AST , bilirubin , INR, Albumin

30
Q

in obstructive jaundice which type of bilirubin is predominantly higher ?

A

indirect bilirubin

31
Q

where is urobilinogen absorbed from ?

A

enterohepatic circulation

32
Q

what is the typical presentation of a patient with gilbert’s syndrome ?

A
  • bilirubin usually never exceeds 3
  • defective uptake of indirect bilirubin
  • with fasting bilirubin levels increase