Jasmine Elizalde- Chapter 5

Question 1

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 1

an organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of mexican and other Hispanic heritage.

Question 2

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 2

a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China.

Question 3

Korematsu v US

Answer 3

a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the US government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the US during World War II.

Question 4

LGBT community

Answer 4

a minority group bases on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people.

Question 5

Lawrence v. Texas

Answer 5

a 2003 Supreme Court ruling that antisodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.

Question 6

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 6

a supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which prohibited federal reocognition of same sex marriages.

Question 7

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 7

supreme court ruling tha theld that same sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

Question 8

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 8

a law enacted by congress in 1990 designated to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.

Question 9

Standards of review

Answer 9

the levels of deference the court gives government to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause.

Question 10

Suspect classifications

Answer 10

category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court.

Question 11

Strict scrutiny

Answer 11

a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 12

Affirmative action

Answer 12

policies designated to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 13

Intermediate standard of review

Answer 13

a standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objectives and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender - related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 14

Rational basis standard of review

Answer 14

a standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discriminatory exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

passed by congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 16

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 16

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 17

Poll Tax

Answer 17

a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.

Question 18

Grandfather Clause

Answer 18

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

Question 19

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 19

people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace.

Question 20

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 20

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 21

Separate-But-Equal Doctrine

Answer 21

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 22

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 22

a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

Question 23

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 23

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 24

Suffrage Movement

Answer 24

The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca.

Question 25

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 25

The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage

Question 26

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 26

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that granted women the right to vote

Question 27

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 27

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 28

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 28

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Question 29

Harriet Tubman

Answer 29

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground railroad. She lead more than 70 people to freedom in the north, served in the union during the Civil War, and champion and woman suffrage.

Question 30

Abolitionist

Answer 30

A supporter, especially in the early 19th century, ending the institution of slavery.

Question 31

Civil Rights

Answer 31

The government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary and discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 32

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 32

section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”.

Question 33

Frederick Douglass

Answer 33

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.

Question 34

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 34

Leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls convention. Stanton later founded the national woman suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B Anthony.

Question 35

Lucretia Mott

Answer 35

Leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist, who along with Elizabeth Caddy Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Question 36

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 36

First major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “declaration of sentiments¨ calling for equal rights for women.

Question 37

Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857)

Answer 37

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African-Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the proslavery south and the abolitionist north in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 38

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 38

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863 in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves and states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

Question 39

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 39

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.

Question 40

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 40

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US citizens.

Question 41

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 41

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchise newly freed male slaves.

Question 42

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 42

19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Caddy Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the 19th amendment.

Question 43

Harry S Truman

Answer 43

the thirty third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

Question 44

Brown V. Board of Education

Answer 44

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 45

Dwight E. Eisenhower

Answer 45

the thirty four president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

Question 46

Rosa Parks

Answer 46

a leading civil rights activist of the twenty century. Parks was most notably involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Question 47

Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 47

A Baptist minister, proponent of non violence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He was assisted on April 4, 1968.

Question 48

John F Kennedy

Answer 48

the thirty fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 -‘e marked a generational shift in U.S. politics in the height of the Cold War. He was assisted November 22, 1963.

Question 49

Civil rights act of 1974

Answer 49

wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Question 50

The National Organization for Women

Answer 50

the leading activist groups of the women’s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 51

Elenor Roosevelt

Answer 51

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the first US delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later Chaired UNs commission on Human Rights.

Question 52

Equal pay act of 1963

Answer 52

legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 53

Title IX

Answer 53

provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discrimination against female students.

Question 54

Equal rights amendment

Answer 54

proposed amendment to the constitution that states “Equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the United stars or any state on account of sex.”

Question 55

League of United Latin America Citizens

Answer 55

an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

Question 56

Cesar Chavez

Answer 56

labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founder the United dark workers union in the 1960s.

Question 57

Dolores Huerta

Answer 57

labor organizer who, with Fraser Chavez, founded the United farm workers union in the 1960s.