Jasmine Elizalde- Chapter 5 Flashcards
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
an organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of mexican and other Hispanic heritage.
Chinese Exclusion Act
a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China.
Korematsu v US
a supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the US government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the US during World War II.
LGBT community
a minority group bases on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people.
Lawrence v. Texas
a 2003 Supreme Court ruling that antisodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.
United States v. Windsor (2013)
a supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which prohibited federal reocognition of same sex marriages.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
supreme court ruling tha theld that same sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
a law enacted by congress in 1990 designated to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.
Standards of review
the levels of deference the court gives government to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause.
Suspect classifications
category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court.
Strict scrutiny
a heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.
Affirmative action
policies designated to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
Intermediate standard of review
a standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objectives and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender - related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.
Rational basis standard of review
a standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discriminatory exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
passed by congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.
Poll Tax
a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.
Grandfather Clause
a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.
Separate-But-Equal Doctrine
a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.
Suffrage Movement
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca.
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage
Nineteenth Amendment
Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that granted women the right to vote
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)
The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice.
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground railroad. She lead more than 70 people to freedom in the north, served in the union during the Civil War, and champion and woman suffrage.
Abolitionist
A supporter, especially in the early 19th century, ending the institution of slavery.
Civil Rights
The government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary and discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.
Equal Protection Clause
section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”.
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls convention. Stanton later founded the national woman suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B Anthony.
Lucretia Mott
Leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist, who along with Elizabeth Caddy Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.
Seneca Falls Convention
First major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “declaration of sentiments¨ calling for equal rights for women.
Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857)
A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African-Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the proslavery south and the abolitionist north in the run up to the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863 in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves and states that were in active rebellion against the United States.
Thirteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.
Fourteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US citizens.
Fifteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchise newly freed male slaves.
Susan B. Anthony
19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Caddy Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the 19th amendment.
Harry S Truman
the thirty third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.
Brown V. Board of Education
U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Dwight E. Eisenhower
the thirty four president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.
Rosa Parks
a leading civil rights activist of the twenty century. Parks was most notably involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr
A Baptist minister, proponent of non violence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He was assisted on April 4, 1968.
John F Kennedy
the thirty fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 -‘e marked a generational shift in U.S. politics in the height of the Cold War. He was assisted November 22, 1963.
Civil rights act of 1974
wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
The National Organization for Women
the leading activist groups of the women’s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
Elenor Roosevelt
First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the first US delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later Chaired UNs commission on Human Rights.
Equal pay act of 1963
legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.
Title IX
provision of the education amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discrimination against female students.
Equal rights amendment
proposed amendment to the constitution that states “Equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the United stars or any state on account of sex.”
League of United Latin America Citizens
an activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.
Cesar Chavez
labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founder the United dark workers union in the 1960s.
Dolores Huerta
labor organizer who, with Fraser Chavez, founded the United farm workers union in the 1960s.
