Jasmine Elizalde - Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

confederation

A

type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states.

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2
Q

Iroquois Confederacy

A

a political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the 17th century that features aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the Framers.

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3
Q

monarchy

A

a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society.

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4
Q

totalitarianism

A

a form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self interest and without regard to rights and liberties.

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5
Q

oligarchy

A

form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possessions of wealth, social statues, military position, or achievement.

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6
Q

democracy

A

a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives.

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7
Q

federal system

A

system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people.

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8
Q

unitary system

A

system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government.

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9
Q

enumerated powers

A

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution.

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10
Q

implied powers

A

the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.

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11
Q

tenth amendment

A

the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

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12
Q

reserved powers

A

powers reserved to the states by the 10th amend. that lie a the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens.

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13
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers shared by the national and state governments.

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14
Q

bill of attainder

A

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.

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15
Q

ex post facto law

A

law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

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16
Q

full faith and credit clause

A

section of article iv of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other states.

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17
Q

privileges and immunities clause

A

part of article iv of the constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are affordable the same rights as citizens of all other states.

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18
Q

extradition clause

A

part of article iv of the constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial.

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19
Q

interstate compacts

A

contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns.

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20
Q

Dillon’s Rule

A

a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

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21
Q

charter

A

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local governments must be approved by state legislatures.

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22
Q

counties

A

the basic administrative units of local government.

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23
Q

municipalities

A

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas.

24
Q

special district

A

a local government that is restricted to a particular function.

25
Q

John Marshall

A

the longest serving Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall served from 1801 to 1835. Marshall’s decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review in the U.S.

26
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

the supreme court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause. The Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

27
Q

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

A

the supreme court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

28
Q

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

A

supreme court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the federal government and not to the states.

29
Q

Roger B. Taney

A

supreme court chief justice who served from 1835-64, Taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era.

30
Q

dual federalism

A

the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism.

31
Q

nullification

A

the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law.

32
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

a politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era and served as vice president from 1825 to 1832.

33
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A

a supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

34
Q

Civil War

A

Military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the U.S. between the Northern forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy. Over 600,00 Americans lost their lives during this war.

35
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

16th president of the U.S. the first elected the Republican president, who served from 1861-65, Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth.

36
Q

secession

A

a unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country. The 11 southern states making up the confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the U.S.

37
Q

Confederate States of America

A

the political system created by the 11 states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union victory.

38
Q

Reconstruction

A

the period from 1866-67 after the Civil War, in which the U.S military occupied and dominated the 11 former states of the Confederacy.

39
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

17th president of the U.S. a republican, who served from 1865-69. Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln’s vice president after Lincoln’s assassination.

40
Q

16th amend.

A

amendment to the U.S Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

41
Q

17th amend.

A

Amend. to the U.S Const. that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures.

42
Q

Calvin Coolidge

A

13th president of the U.S a republican, who served from 1923-29.

43
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

31 president of the U.S a republican, who served from 1929-33 during the start of the Great Depression.

44
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

A

32 president, Democrat, who served from 1933-45,FDR’s leadership took the U.S through the Great Depression.

45
Q

cooperative federalism

A

the intertwined relationship between national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal; often referred to as marble-cake federalism.

46
Q

progressive federalism

A

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative.

47
Q

Barack Obama

A

first African American president of the U.S., a Democrat, who served as 44 president form 2009-17. Senator from Illinois from 2005-08; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997-04

48
Q

categorical grants

A

grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose.

49
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

A

36 president of the U.S, a Democrat, who served from 1964-69. LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War.

50
Q

Great Society

A

reform program begun in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment.

51
Q

Ronald Reagan

A

40 president of the U.S. a republican, who served from 1981-89. Reagan led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism.

52
Q

New Federalism

A

federal-state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administration powers to the state governments.

53
Q

block grant

A

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.

54
Q

programmatic requests

A

federal funds designed for special projects within a state or congressional district; also earmarks.

55
Q

New Deal

A

the name given to the program of “relief,recovery,reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the U.S out of the Great Depression.