Jasmine Elizalde - Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocabulary

1
Q

New World

A

The Western Hemisphere If Earth, also called The Americas, whichwas unlnown to Europeans before 1492

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2
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

A brilliant inventor and senior statesman at the Constitutional Convention who urged colonial unity as early as 1754, twenty-two years before the Declaration of Independence.

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3
Q

French and Indian War

A

The American Phase of what was called the Seven Years War, fought from 1754 to 1763 between Britain and France with Indian allies.

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4
Q

mercantilism

A

an economic theory designed to increase a nations’s wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.

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5
Q

Samuel Adams

A

Cousin of President John Adams and an early leader against the British and loyalist oppressors; he played a key role in developing the Committees of Correspondence and was active in Massachusetts and colonial politics.

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6
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A

a gathering of nine colonial representatives in 1765 in New York City where a detailed list of Crown violations was drafted; first official step toward creating a unfed nation.

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7
Q

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

A

loosely organized groups of patriotic American colonists who were early revolutionaries.

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8
Q

Crispus Attucks

A

an African American and first American to die in what became known as the Boston Massacre in 1770.

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9
Q

First Continental Congress

A

meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774, inn which fifty-sic delegates(from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to the Coercive Acts.

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10
Q

Lexington and Concord

A

the first sited of armed conflict between revolutionaries and British soldiers, remembered for the “shot heard round the world” in 1775.

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11
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

meeting that convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, at which it was decided that an army should be raised and George Washington of Virginia was named commander in chief.

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12
Q

Thomas Paine

A

the influential writer of Common Sense, a pamphlet that advocated for independence from Great Britain.

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13
Q

Common Sense

A

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that challenged the authority of the British government to govern the colonies.

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14
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Principle drafter of the Declaration of independence; second vice president of the United States; third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Cofounder of the Democratic-Republic Party created to opposite Federalists.

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15
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Document drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain.

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16
Q

social contract theory

A

the belief that governments exist based on the consent of the governed.

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17
Q

political culture

A

commonly shared attitudes, behaviors, and core values about how government should operate.

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18
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

the compact between the thirteen original colonies that created a loose league of friendship, with the national government drawing its powers from the states.

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19
Q

Critical Period

A

the chaotic period from 1781 to 1789 after the American Revolution during which the former colonies were governed under the Articles of Confederation.

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20
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

a rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms.

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21
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

the meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that was first intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but produced an entirely new document, the U.S Constitution.

22
Q

George Washington

A

widely considered the “Father of the Nation,” he was the commander of the revolutionary armies; served as the presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention; and as the United States’ first president from 1789 to 1797.

23
Q

constitution

A

a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government.

24
Q

Virginia Plan

A

a proposed framework for the Constitution favoring large states. It called for a bicameral legislative, which would appoint executive and judicial officers.

25
Q

New Jersey

A

a framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; it called for a one-house legislative with one vote for each state, a Congress with ability to raise revenue, and a Supreme Court appointed for life.

26
Q

Great Compromise

A

the final decision of the Constitutional Convention to create a two-house legislature, with the lower house elected by the people and powers divided between the two houses; also made national law supreme.

27
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that three-fifths of the total slave population of each state was to be for representation in the U.S House of Representatives.

28
Q

Electoral College

A

the system established by the Constitution through which the president is chosen by electors from each state, is chosen by electors from each state, which has as many electoral votes as it has members of Congress.

29
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

a key framer who envisioned a powerful central government, co-authored The Federalist Papers, and served as the first Secretary of the Treasure.

30
Q

Montesquieu

A

the french baron and political theorist who first articulated the concept of separation of powers with checks and balances.

31
Q

federalism

A

the distribution of constitutional authority between state governments and the national government, with different powers and functions exercised by both.

32
Q

separation of powers

A

a way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each staffed separately, with equality and independence of each branch ensured by the Constitution.

33
Q

Article I

A

vests all legislative powers in the Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives; it also sets out the qualifications for holding office in each house, the terms of office, the methods of selection of representatives and senators, and the system of apportionment among the states to determine membership in the House of Representatives.

34
Q

enumerated powers

A

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution.

35
Q

necessary and proper clause

A

the final paragraph of Article I, section, of the Constitution, which gives congress the authority to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the Constitution; also called the elastic clause.

36
Q

implied powers

A

the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.

37
Q

Article II

A

vests the executive power, that is, the authority to execute the laws of the nation, in a president of the United States; section 1 sets the president’s term of office at four years and explains the Elector in office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death, disability, or removal from office.

38
Q

inherent powers

A

powers that belong to the president because they can be inferred from the Constitution.

39
Q

Article III

A

Establishes a Supreme Court and defines its jurisdiction.

40
Q

Article IV

A

mandates that states honor the laws and judicial proceedings of other states. Article IV also includes the mechanisms for admitting new states to the union.

41
Q

Full faith and credit clause

A

section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

42
Q

Article V

A

specifies how amendments can be added to the Constitution.

43
Q

Article VI

A

contains the supremacy clause, which asserts the basic primacy of the Constitution and national law over state laws and constitutions.

44
Q

supremacy clause

A

portion of the Article VI of the Constitution mandating that national law is supreme over (that is, supersedes) all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government.

45
Q

Federalists

A

those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S Constitution; later became the first U.S political party.

46
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government; opposed ratification of the U.S Constitution.

47
Q

James Madison

A

a key Framer often called the “Father of the Constitution” for his role in conceptualizing the federal government. Co-authored The Federalist Papers; served as secretary as the fourth U.S president from 1809 to 1817

48
Q

John Jay

A

a member of the Founding generation who was the first Chief Justice of the United States. A diplomat and co-author of the Federalists Papers.

49
Q

The Federalist Papers

A

a series of eighty-five political essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the U.S Constitution.

50
Q

Bill of Rights

A

the first ten amendments ti the U.S Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties.