James I Flashcards
Who appointed James I?
Robert Cecil
Master of the court of Wales
Earl of Salisbury
What was finance like when James I assended to the throne?
• Elizabeth had left a £400,000 debt
• Subsadie had decreased
What was James I like with money?
• He was generos with money
What year did James I become king?
1603 - 1625
What was James I key belief about the Monarchy?
He believed in the divine rights and absolutism
What was James I religion?
Protestant
Who was James I wife?
Anne of Denmark
What was the name of James I oldest son?
Henry
What year was the gun powder plot?
1605
What was the aim of the gun powder plot?
To kill James I by plowing up parliament and establish his Catholic daughter as Queen
Who succeeded James I?
Charles I his second son
What was the Great Contract?
The Great Contract was a plan submitted to James I and Parliament in 1610 by Robert Cecil. It was an attempt to increase Crown income and ultimately rid it of debt.
How long did James I rule without government?
10 years
Who was concerned with James I generosity with money?
Robert Cecil
What we’re the conditions of the great contract?
- Parliament would pay off all of James debts
- They would determine the amount the king was given
- £200,000 was agreed
inreturn purveyance would end and they would be given consessions over wardship
What excuse did Robert Cecil have for James extravagant spending?
Maintaining England’s reputation
What we’re the house of commons views on James I in 1610?
• To generous
Why did the great contract fail?
• MP’s realised people were against an increase in tax
• A petition against his favourites
• Distrust between the king and his subjects
Name James’s favourites
James Hay Earl of Carlisle
George Villers Duke of Buckingham
Robert Carr
What issue caused resentment of landowners over inheritance land?
Wardship
What issue caused resentment especially in the southern areas of England?
Purveyance
The King’s right for a lower coast of transport
What did the parliament draft in 1604 which hilghted their discontent with James I?
Form of Apology and Satisfaction
What did James I warn parliament when hearing about the Form of Aplology and Satisfaction?
• Not to ask to rashly
• It was him who gave them their liberty
What did James I 1610 speech state?
• Kings were gods representative on earth
• Emphisised the power of Kings
• His claims were supported by the Bible
• He was acting in a paternalistic manner, saw himself as a father figure
What did Dr. Cowells book state?
• The king was above the law
What was the reaction to Dr Cowells book?
• Parliment tried to get it censoured
• James I loved it
• Wouldn’t allow parliament to ban it
In 1604 what did the house of commons do when they felt under threat?
Wrote the Forms of Apology and Satisfaction
What did the house of commons complain about in the Forms of Apology and Satisfaction?
- The Kings prerogatives
- Their rights were less then the king
What was the limit of the Forms of Apology and Satisfaction?
• James I never officially saw it
• They were to afraid to give it to him
• He heard rumors about it and threatened them
Explain why Elizabeth’s debts weren’t a serious problem for James I?
• £300,000 owed by Parliament from a grant given
• Money was claimed back from France
Reasons why James I financial problems weren’t all his fault
• Elizabeth had failed to update tax assessments in line with inflation
• Inefficient tax collection
• Elizabeth did not raise duties in the book of rates
• No attempt to exploite crown lands effectively
Why was James I worse off financially?
• Subsidy was irregular
• Inflation
• tax collectors underestimating the tax needing to be collected
Explain why James I was financially irresponsible
• Extravagent spending
• Gifts to friends to make up for childhood insecurity
• Elizabeth and his sons funerals
• Daughters wedding
• James Hay encouraged spending
• £185,000 spent on jewellery in 9 years
How much was spent on James Hay?
• Recived 400,000 in gifts
• Put in charge of Kings wardrobe and spent a lot
• Encouraged Ante - supper where a whole meal was prepared and thrown away cost £3000
How had the collection of custom duties changed 1604?
• It was the tax on imported goods
• James couldn’t be bothered with it
• It was leased out to syndicates
• in return for annual rent the syndicate could collect the taxes
• If trade was good they would keep the extra profits
The Bates case 1606
🫐🪙
• Refused to pay imposition tax on Currents
• He claimed that the duty was no sanctioned by Parliament
• Judge ruled in favour of the king
• King has the right to regulate trade
What is Imposition tax?
• Tax on luxury goods
• By 1608 1,000 items had this tax
• It gained the king around £70,000 per year
What was a Recusant?
⛪️
A Catholic that would rather pay a fine then attention church of England services on Sundays
How successful was Robert Cecil as First Lourd Treasurer?
Managed land and money more effectively
What was the book of bounty? 💰
• Created by Robert Cecil 1608
• Managed the Kings spending
• If someone wanted a grant they would have to go through Cecil
What did the Duke of Buckingham have to do with tax?
💒💰
• His property was undervalued from £400,000 to £400
What was the great contract?
• An agreement forwarded by Robert Cecil
• Parliment would pay off James’s debt
• Give him an annual payment of £200,000
• In return, purveyance would end and concession over warship
What did Robert Cecil say to justify Jamses spending?
It was to better England’s reputation
What we’re the problems of the great contract?
• Agreements only benefited the rich and the South
• Parliment said there was no war so this much money wasn’t needed
• Taxes should only be raised if it was in the national interest
What did James do when parliment refused the great contract?
• Removed 900 impositions
• Threatened people’s positions
Why did the great contract end?
🏴
• Rumours about a petition to send his Scottish friends back to Scotland
• Parliament was dissolved
Who was Thomas Howard?
💰⚰️
Earl of Suffolk
Lourd Tressaurer
1614 - 1618
What was Thomas Howard’s idea to increase crown income 1621?
💰🎁
- He asked members of the nobility to give gifts ‘benevolence’ to the King
- Didn’t help his reputation
- Seen as old-fashioned
- Considered an unparlimentary tax
What we’re the Barronet titles?
1611
• Robert Cecil’s idea to raise money
• People could pay to be part of the nobility
• Started at £1000 but was over sold and lost its value to £220
What was the Cockayne scheme?
1614 🎨🧼👚
William Cockayne claimed that he could save the king £40,000 per year by Dying cloth in England
What were the problems with the cockayne scheme?
1614
• Couldn’t keep up with demand
• Unemployment caused riots
• Tempered cloth wouldn’t be brought back so left in warehouses
• James had to beg Holland to resume trade
• Land sold in Holland
• Shows little consideration from James
Who was Lionel Cranfield?
💒🚫 💰⬆️✅️. 💰⬇️❌️
Lourd Treasurer 1621
What did Lionel Cranfield do?
💒🚫 💰⬆️✅️. 💰⬇️❌️
• Wanted to increase income and decrease expenditure
• Tried to get James to stop spending money
• Fell out with George Villers Duke of Buckingham
• Ended up in the tower of London
Who was George Villers?
💒
Duke of Buckingham
One of Jamses favourites
Trade issues 1621?
⛵️🚫 🍂🚫 ⚔️
• Exports fallen
• Unemployment after poor harvest
• Disruption of foreign markets caused by war
Monopoly issues 1621?
💰👔
• Unpopular
• Causing arguments
• Legislation passed to end the grant of monopolies to individuals
Recusants 1621?
🇪🇦
• Parliament wanted to be harsher on them
• James didn’t want to disrupt negotiations with Spain
what did parliament do 1621 to upset James?
- A Protestation was put forward stating they had rights
- James ripped it out of the book of records
Parliment and Forgien Policy 1624
• Parliment wanted to be involved with forgien policy
• James said stay out of it
Problems of pluralismin the church?
- Church had limited resources
- Priests now had families to support
- Tithes were less popular
- Priest going to multiple churches
- They were over stretched
- Less had university degrees so less understanding of the bible
When was the Hampton Court Conference?
1604
What we’re the demands of the Hampton Court Conference 1604?
• More focus on holy days
• No sign of cross
• More dicepline
• Retranslated Bible
• Simpler music
• Preists not to wear surplice (seen as eygiptian)
• Reduce power of bishops
What we’re the outcomes of the Hampton Court Conference 1604?
James was hostile to the requests but willing to compromise
* New Bible inmodern language to understand
* A preaching minister in every church, pluralism limited
* Reform of high court of commission
* Bishops had less power to dissmis ministers
* Surplice still worn
Respons to Hampton Court Conference 1604?
• It was a success
• Only two ministers lost their job for non Conformity
• Showed a stable relationship with protestants
• A new cannon introduced making people swear the king was answerable to god
What was the Bye plot 1603?
🥷
• Kidnap the king and hold him for ransom
• Aim to reduce anti Catholic laws
• As a result they got worse
• The act of statutes against catholics
• All preists ordered out of England
• All involved were hanged
What was the main plot 1603?
🗡👰♀️
• A plot to kill James
• Establish his cousin Arabella Stuart as Queen so she could marry a Catholic
• Imprissoned in Tower of London for 13 years
What was the Gunpowder plot?
🎆
• 5th November 1605
• Led by Robert Catesby
• To blow up parliment
• Establish his daughter Elizabeth as Queen so she can marry a Catholic
Why did the Gunpowder plot fail?
• Francis Tresham wrote a letter to his brother in law Lord Montengle
• He then warned everyone and they were caught
What restrictions were put on Catholics after the plots?
• Couldn’t travel without permission
• Homes could be searched without excuse
• Couldn’t be doctors or lawyers
• Finned for not attending services
• Property could be confiscated
• 1606 had to swear an oath that the pope had no influence
Changing attertudes to catholics during James’s reign
- Only 25 executed
- Number grew to 500,000
- Tensionsincreased after the asasination atempts butmore lenient during negotiations with Spain
James and his relationship with bishops
- Success
- Positions filled quickly
- Chose people he knew
- Premoted based on what they preach
- Powers increased when they were allowed into the privy council
What happened in Lancaster 1617?
• Puritans introduced old testament scriptures
• No sports on Sundays
• James issued a proclamation allowing sport
• unrest when church and sport taunted each other
• Second proclamation said church first then sport
What was the book of sport 1618?
⚽️
• James said he would rather have people healthy then drunk
• Puritans felt there was less focus on the holy day
Difference between Arminians and Calvinists?
A - Free will into salvation
C - Our path is predetermined
How did the power of Arminians grow?
- Reform Scottish Church
- Charles and Buckingham favoured them
What we’re James’ foreign policy aims ?
- To be seen as a peace marker
- He disliked wars, especially religious ones
- Wanted to end 9 year war with Spain
- Preferred to negotiate over international disputes
- Foreign policy was part of the Royal prerogative
When was the treaty of London?
1604
What was the treaty of London
- A peace treaty with Spain
- It meant trade could trade could contine with Denmark
- More income from trade
- Less expenditure on war
Why was James seen as an international mediator 1613?
He helped end the war between Sweden and Denmark
Who did his daughter Elizabeth marry?
Frederick V Elector Palatine of the Rhine a leading Protestant
Who did James want Charles to marry in 1614?
Infanta Maria, daughter of Philip III of Spain
Why did the Howard’s support the Spanish match?
• £600,000 dowry
• Catholic sympathisers
Why did the first Spanish match fail?
👶
Spain wanted any children to be raised as catholics and for Maria to attend Catholic services
Why did the second Spanish match fail 1622?
• Charles and Buckingham went to Spain to ask for Maria’s hand in person, the Spanish saw this a Charles wanting to be Catholic
• Maria didn’t want to
• Spain had no need for it
Who encouraged the Spanish match negotiations to restart 1622?
Earl of Bristol
What we’re Spain demands for the second Spanish match?
Removing anti Catholic laws
Why was James concerned about Charles and Buckingham 1622?
He thought they had been detained by the Spanish
When was the 30 year war?
1618 - 1648
Why did they 30 year war start?
Protestant nobility in Bohemia revolted against the archduke Fredinand
Why was James involved in the 30-year war?
Because his son in law was offered the Thorneof Bohimia and took it even though James warned him not to
What happened during the 30 year war in 1619? 🏃♀️👑
The archduke was made holy roman emporer and invaded Bohemia forcing Frederick and Elizabeth to flee
What was the Manfield expedition 1625? 😷🪖
An attempt by a German mercenary to take back palatine. It failed when the conscripted troops got plauge
When did James attempt a union with Scotland 🏴🏴
1604
Who got in the way of the Union with Scottland? 🏴🏴
Edwin Sandys
What did Edwin Sandys say about the Union with Scottland? 🏴🏴
• The needed to be a perfect Union
• This would only happen if the Scottish followed English laws and were ruled over by the English
• He knew they would never accept this
What did James achieve out of the failed Union with Scottland? 🏴🏴
Anyone born after his ascension was a citizen of both countries
What year was the addled parliment? 🐓
1614
What could the addled parliment not agree on? 🐓🇪🇸
• Forgien policy and the relationship with Spain
• Some wanted war and some didn’t
Why was the addled parliment called 1614? 🐓💵
To help settle his debts
What did James say about the addled parliment? 🐓
He must suffer with what he cannot get rid of
The house of commons were like a body without a head
Who were three of James’s favourites 😍
James Hay Earl of Carlisle
George Villers Duke of Buckingham
Robert Carr Viscount of Rochester
Who did Robert Carr marry?
Francis Howard
How many parliments did James have over his reign?
3
