Charles I Flashcards
How long was Charles’s reign?
1625 - 1649
What was Charles’s childhood like?
• Overshadowed by his brother
• He was sick
• Lonley
• He had a temper
• Not much time in court
When did Herny die?
1612
Charles was pushed into the spotlight and was unprepared
Charles and divine rights
• He was very passionate
• He thought power had been given to his family by God
Charles and religion early reign
• He wanted to increase dominance of the Church of England
• Promoted many Armenian Bishops
• Less interested in religious balance
Charles’s aims for his reign:
• Restor order in the court
• Stabilise power of Monarchy
• Adress financial issues
• Order in society
What was Charles’s personality like?
• Authoritarian
• Self confident
• Saw compromise as a weakness
What did he see parliment as 🖍
A rubber stamp
He only wanted them to do as he asked
When was Charles’s first parliment
1625
What did Charles want from his first parliament? 🇪🇸 💰
Money to fund his war with Spain
He was only given 2 subsidies
What moved Charles’s 1st parliment to Oxford?
Plauge
Why was parliment uneasy about catholics?
Henrietta Maria was a Catholic and brought preists with her from France
Why did parliment attack Buckingham?
• They felt he had to much influence
• He was unsuitable for his position
• They accused him of high treason for poisoning James and attempting to convert Charles to Catholisism
What position did Buckingham recive? ⛵️
Lord Admiral of the Navy
Even though he gets sea sick
When was Charles’s 2nd parliment?
1626
When was Buckingham’s York House conference?
1626
When was the Cadiz expedition? ⛵️🇪🇸
1625
Why did the Cadiz expedition fail? ⛵️🇪🇸❌️
• Not enough supplies
• They got drunk
• They saw the Spanish and refused to fight
• They mutanied
• Got on the boat and asked to go home
• By the time they got to Plymouth they just dropped dead in the streets
What did Charles do to control patliment?
- Appoint trusted sherifs to oversee elections
- Failed and allowed for Extremist mps to get power
- thepeople he chose couldnt be chosen in elections :(
Why was the second parliment dissolved 1626?
For their accusations of Buckingham
What happened at La Rochelle? 🪜
- Ladders were to short to scale the walls of the French fortress
- 5000/8000 men died 1/3
- Poor planning again
- Buckingham blamed for the faliure
Why did Charles attack La Rochelle 1627?
War with France and Spain
The French were attacking English cargo ships
What year did Spain and France sign the peace alliance?
1627
In 1626 what did Charles to to raise money?
• Asked JP’s to collect ‘gifts’ £20,000 raised
• Forced loans £240,000 raised
Why were people against billeting soldiers?
• Government wasn’t paying them
•Charles claimed it was their responsibility to feed his troops
What was the Five Knights case?
A trail against the king passing laws without Parliament and imprisoning people without trail
The judge ruled in favour of Charles
When was Charles’s 3rd parliment?
1628 - 1629
Who did Charles send to speak to the third parliment? 🥤
John Coke
Because he felt parliment was irritated by him
What was the petition of right?
1628
Outlined the Kings perogative
Forwarded by John Eliot
He was offered 5 subsidies to sign it
What we’re the rules of the petition of right 1628?
No tax without parliment
No imprisonment without trail
No forced loans
No forced billeting
No martial laws
When was Buckingham killed?
August 1628 by John Felton who wasn’t happy about not being paid for La Rochelle
In a pub
Private funeral at night
How many children did Charles have?
8
5 survived
When was the Black Rod Hammering?
1629
Who led the black rod hammering?
John Eliot
What happened at the black rod hammering?
John Finch was forced to make three resolutions
Anyone who took part in Popish Armenian practices, paid customs duties, collected customs duties was an enemy of the kingdom
Why was the third parliment dissolved?
John Eliot and the black rod hammering
How much debt was Charles in by 1629?
£2 million
£1 million left by his father
When did Charles make peace with France and spain 🇫🇷 🇪🇸
1629 - Treaty of Susa
1630 - Treaty of Madrid
This saved money. However, he was no longer supporting the Protestant cause
When did Charles update the book of rates? 💰📖
1635
Increased his income by £425,000
It was seen as an illegal tax as it was not passed by parliment
Charles and recusants, personal rule
Without parliament, he made more of an effort to collect recusants, which further alienated the catholics
Catholic Soap Monopolies 🧼
• He gave monopolies of soap to a group of catholics
• They claimed it cleaned whiter than any other
• People saw it as him trying to get around the law
• It increased the price of soap and caused religious tensions
Knighted land 🛡🗡🤺
• Any land worth over £40 could only be owned by a Knight
• If you weren’t then there would be a fine
• The was a fee to be knighted
Outdted maps 📜🗺
• Charles used outdated maps to fine people who had built on crown lands
• This annoyed landowners, especially since there was a growing population
• It didn’t raise as much money as expected
Ship Money 1637 💰 ⛵️
• A tax in costal areas to build ships and keep trade secure
• It was extended in land to landlocked places
• It was seen as unfair and unwarranted
• 1635 - 36 98% of expected revenue was collected
• 1639 20% was collected
• John Hampden was put on trial
• 7 ruled for the king, 5 against
• People started to question the tax
Charles’s financial problems 💰
• William Juxon was unimaginative administrator
• Had to pawn crown jewels
• Caused a creditor to go banckrupt
• He liked artwork and spent £18,000 on a collection
• Had 5 children to maintain
• Funded his sister Elizabeth and her son
Charles’s financial success 🙌
- Stopped selling crown lands
- Decreased debts to £1million
- Made investigations into missing money
- Parliment was worried he was doing to good without him
What denomination did Charles support?
The Armenians
Who did Charles promote to Archbishop of Canterbury 1633?
William Laud
The highest position in the church
Who had James warned Charles about?
William Laud who he promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury
What we’re William Laud’s aims
Uniformity, Aperance, Influence, Puritans
How did William Laud aim to create uniformity?
Services to follow the Book of Prayer
39 articles and cannons to be observed
Bow in the name of Jesus
Clergy to wear the surplice
Alters moved to the east of the church
He sent comissioners around the country to make sure everyone followed
People were annoyed as family pews used for generations were moved
The changes seemed popish
What we’re William Lauds changes to Apperance?
Improve the appearance of the church
Stain glass windows, more candles and music
‘Beauty of holiness’
Made people pay for the repairs of St Paul’s cathedral
Complaints it was to popish
What was William Laud’s atttertudes to Puritans?
Wanted them eradicated
Banned their books and pamphlets
No one to preach their views
Couldn’t be parish ministers
Used the high court of commissions to punish them
Cutting of Alexander Leightons ear for speaking out
How did William Laud increase church influence?
He wanted to increase the influence in church and restor the wealth of the clergy
Made the Bishop of London Lord treasurer
Used high court of commissions to decipline moral crimes
Upper class didn’t like this as he was seen a social inferior and used lower class punishments
He caused reputable families to be humiliated
What was the Book of Orders 1630?
A book of instructions for JP,s
Showed Charles cared about his people
They had to maintain roads
Give aprenterships
Help people during poor harvest
How many puritans left to America?
16,000 by 1639
what was the name of Charles’s first parliment
the plauged parliment
what were the years of his first 3 parliments
- 1625 - 26,
- 1626 - 27
- 1628 - 29
1st two ended because of Buckingham, 2nd because of black rod hammering
What was Thomas Wentworths first title?
Lord Presidant of the council of the North
What was Thomas Wentworth’s policy?
The Thorough policy
What was the thorough policy?
• A policy by Thomas Wentworth to make the North more organised and properly managed
• More efficient like London
• JP’s and Sherifs to report back to the privy council
In 1633 what position was Thomas Wentworth given?
Lord Deputy of Ireland
What we’re Wentworth’s aims in Ireland?
Impose English authority
Establish the English church
Make a profit of crown lands
Why were their religious tensions in Ireland?
Catholic native Irish and old English
Protestant new English
Presbyterian Scottish
What did Wentworth do to Irish landowners?
If they couldn’t present the deeds to their lands then they would be claimed as crown lands
This annoyed them as land had been in families for generations
What did the book of rates do in Ireland?
Double income from customs
Why did Wentworth fine London?
They failed to fund development in londonderry
What happened when Wentworth called the Irish parliament in 1634?
He was offered six subsidies
In exchange, he would investigate their grevences, which he never did
Why did the Scottish feel they weren’t a priority?
It took nine years for Charles to visit after being crowned
How did Charles go against Scottish tradition?
Was crowned in Holyrood palace, not Scone of Sterling
Had a more English ceremony
In 1625 what was the Scottish Act of Revocation?
To take back land from nobels to give to the church
This was so disliked that in 1627 a council had to be set up to oversee the process
The council was made up of the people he was taking the land from
What was the 1629 Article of Perth?
Communion should be taken kneeling
First introduced by James in 1618
What year did Charles visit Scottland?
1633
What was the Scottish reaction to the new prayer book?
Jenny Geddes threw a stool that caused riots
The riots got out of control
Bishops started shooting pistols
Charles blamed the council
Who led the first Scottish army?
Alexander Leslie, an experienced soldier
When was the first bishops war?
June 1639
Who were the Covenanters?
The people who signed the national covenant against Charles
What is Episcopacy?
Wanting the rule of bishops banned
Why was Charles forced to end personal rule in 1637?
The first bishops war
He needed money for an army
Why did Charles army do bad in 1637?
Underestimated the Scottish who historicaly hadn’t done well
Unprepared
Underpaid
They would rather be fighting the Spanish
Where did Charles meet the Scottish army 1637?
Kelso
What was the result of the first bishops war?
A truce
Agreed to call an assembly
Both sides didn’t trust each other and didn’t disband their armies
They wanted more time to strengthen their armies
When was the short parliament called?
April 1640 it lasted 3 weeks
What was the short parliament called for?
Charles needed money to support his army against the Scottish. He requested 12 subsadies but non were given
What were John Pym’s 36 complaints?
A list of parliaments complaints presented to the king
Most important were impositions and ship money
How did Charles respond to the 36 complaints
He gave up ship money
Lawyers argued that this proved it was an illegal tax otherwise he wouldn’t have given it up
Why were the Bishops kept in session 1640?
After Charles dissolved the short parliament he asked the Bishops to stay in session and produced 17 new cannons
Placement of the altar and the et cetera oath
What was the et cetera oath 1640?
An oath to outline any oppersition
They had to swear to uphold the government and church by bishops, archbishops and deacons as it now stands established
it failed as so many people ignored it
What was the Twelve critics petition?
Twelve of his critics came forward with a petition saying his religious changes were to popish and he should recall parliament, which he did.
When was the long parliament?
November 1640
It outlived Charles
What was the long Parliament?
A new parliament united in its ideas for reform
What was the Triennial Act Febuary 1641?
It stated that parliament must be called every 3 years for at least 50 days
this limited the king’s perogative to dismiss parliament as he wished
How did William Laud die?
Arrested and held in the Tower of London
What happened to Thomas Wentworth?
Put on trial for plotting to give the king control of the Irish army.
No evidance was found
He was accused of a tyrannical rule, subverting the law and provoking war with Scotland
Pym put forward an Act of Attainder so that he could be exicuted without trial only the king could sign
He did out of fear for his family
What year was the Triennial Act passed?
1641
What Year was Pym’s 10 Propersitions
1641
What year did Charles make peace with Scottland?
1641
What year was the Irish rebellion?
1641
What year was the Grand Remonstrance?
1641
What year did Civil War break out?
August 1642
What year did Charles try to arrest the 5 MP’s
1642
What year was the Militia Ordenance passed?
1642
What year was the Battle of Edgehill?
1642
What caused the Irish Rebellion?
When Catholic English and Irish thought they were trying to remove the Catholic faith so attacked protestants
What did Pym argue about the Irish Rebellion?
That it was proof of a popish plot
What did Irish rebels claim Charles had done?
Sent a commission authorising the attack which many people believed
What was parliaments response to the Irish Rebellion?
Wouldn’t allow Charles to have control of the army
What was the Grand Remonstrance?
Pym’s attempt to make a case against Charles having control of the army
He tried to find evidence against the king that can from grievances in 1626
They tried to remove charles’ right to choose his own advisors
What did Charles complain about in the Grand Remonstrance?
That he had the right to chose his own advisors
They were asking what no other king had been asked to do
He thought that if he accepted then they would introduce more reforms
What was Henrietta Maria accused of in 1641?
A popish plot
What position did Charles offer Pym?
Chancellor of the exchequer
What we’re the five MP’s charged with?
Treason and encouraging Scotland to invade
How did Charles violate parliamentary privileges?
By trying to arrest MP’s in the House of Commons and bringing 400 armed men
How did the 5 MP’s escape?
They were warned in advance and fled to the city
What bills did parliament first pass 1642?
Removed Bishops
Irish troops to be led by parliamentary officials
Militia Ordenance
Sargent put in charge of reserved troops in London
What was the Militia Ordenance 1642?
It took the Kings authority to command the army
When we’re the 19 Propersitions?
1642
What were the 19 Propersitions?
That parliament should appoint privy councillors
Pardon the 5 MP’s
Parliament to supervise the upbringing of the children
What did Charles argue against the 19 Propersitions?
That it subverted the laws
How did Charles gain an army 1642?
He used his perogative to commission an army
He gained 10,000 men
Why were moderates against the Grand Remonstrance?
Because it brought up old complaints
The house of Lords had not agreed
It was more for the people then the king
How did Pym gain more support?
Elections
He gained the majority
He could organise mobs
