IV Prep Flashcards
receptors that detect fluid
deficit
Osmoreceptors
receives signals from
osmoreceptors
Hypothalamus
effector organ when there is
fluid deficit
Pituitary gland
secretes ADH
and oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Where are fluids located
Extracellular and Intracellular fluids
2 major divisions of ECF
Intravascular Fluid and Interstitial Fluid
Liquid part of blood
Intravascular
between cells and
outside blood vessels
Interstitial
Minor division of ECF
Transcellular fluid
An important regulator of fluid intake when plasma osmolality increases
Thirst
Passive movement of molecules from area
of higher to lower concentration
Diffusion
Also known as “water deficit”
Hypernatremia
Also known as “water excess”
Hyponatremia
Also known as “overhydration”
Hypervolemia
Indication that the patient is overhydrated / has excessive water
Pitting Edema
Chloride normal range
96 to 106 mmol/L
Phosphorus normal range
1.8 - 2.6 mEq / L
Potassium normal range
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
Calcium normal range serum value
4.3 to 5.3 mEq/L
Magnesium normal range serum value
1.5 - 1.9 mEq/L
Arises from alveolar
hypoventilation. Lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Kidneys are unable to excrete
enough metabolic acid. Increases pH of the blood
Metabolic Acidosis
Arises from alveolar hyperventilation. Lungs excrete too much CO2
Respiratory Alkalosis
Often designed for a one-time use and
discarded after use
Intermittent catheter
Arises from direct increase in
base (bicarbonate) or decrease in
metabolic acid
Metabolic Alkalosis
An efficient and effective method of
supplying fluids directly into the
intravascular fluid compartment and
replacing electrolyte losses
IV fluid therapy
- Has bigger drops compared to micro set
- Drip / drop chamber does NOT have a filter
Macro set
- Usually for pediatric patients or children
- Drip / drop chamber does NOT have a filter
Micro set
Drip chamber has a filter that prevents
blood clotting
Blood transfusion set
To administer blood or blood components
such as the RBCs, platelets, or plasma
Blood Transfusion
acts as a receptor to determine if
there is blood loss present
Kidney
3 bodily fluid compartments
Plasma, interstitial Fluid, intracellular fluid
Also known as cytosol
Intracellular fluid
is the water portion of the fluids.
Solvent
are the particles dissolved or
suspended in water.
Solutes
with a low solute concentration results in
swelling of the RBC placed into the solution.
Hypotonic solution
with a concentration of solutes equal to
that inside the cells results in a normal
shaped RBC.
Isotonic solution
with a high solute concentration, causes
shrinkage (crenation) of the RBC as water
moves by osmosis out of the cell and into
the _____
Hypertonic solution
concentration of a solution expressed as number of osmoles/ 1L of water; measure of
solution’s amount of pull “drawing power”
Osmolarity
number of osmoles/kg of water
Osmolality
Normal value of osmolarity
275-295mOsm/L
is the force of the weight of water pressing against the confining walls. (“Water-Pushing” effect.)
Hydrostatic pressure-
exerted by non diffusable plasma proteins. (“Water-Pulling” effect.)
Oncotic/Osmotic pressure-
Type of protein in oncotic osmotic pressure?
Albumin
occurs when fluid shifts from the
vascular space into a space where it is not
accessible as extracellular fluid;.
Third space syndrome
Fluid balance consists of (3)
Fluid intake, fluid distribution, fluid output
3 Hormonal regulations
Antidiuretic hormone, renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism, atrial natriuretic peptide
Retention of urine causes
UTI
Drain the infectious materials before it reaches vital organs
Lymphatic system
The best way to monitor pt.’s fluid status is through
Daily weights and record of intake an output
Usage of heart medication
Cause retention of fluids
Triangulation to know patient
Signs and symptoms, history, lab studies
What is the normal urine output
At least 30 cc/hr
Urine more than 30 cc/hr
Oliguria
Less than 10 cc/hr
Anuria
When you urinate more than normal
Polyuria
Patient can pee freely
Voiding freely
Can help utilize in monitoring pressure
Central venous pressure
Generalized edema
Anasarca
Sunken fontanelle for babies
Dehydration
When nail bed turns blue
Cyanosis
Skin elasticity
Turgor
Sodium normal value
135-145 Meq/L
pH normal balance
7.35-7.45 pH
PaCO2 normal range
35-45 mmHg
PaO2 normal nalance
80-100 mmHg
HCO3 normal balance
22-26 mEq/L
Test used to asses collateral blood flow to the hands
Allens test
What happens Excess acid
Ammonia happens
What happens when there is correction of electrolyte intake
It can cause brain to swell
IV administration of whole blood or blood
component
Blood component therapy
Blood transfusion time
6 hours
How long can IV stay when punctured
24 hours
When is enteral nutrition bag (2L) good for
48 hours
Urine gravity
1.005 - 1.030
Best intravenous placements for adults
Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins
Potassium normal range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
dilutes the interstitial fluid, decreasing its osmotic pressure below intracellular pressure.
Hypotonic IV solution
causes water to leave cells by osmosis to equalize the osmolality between interstitial and intracellular compartments.
Hypertonic IV solution
proteins that are much larger than electrolytes, glucose, and other molecules that dissolve easily; most are too large to leave capillaries in the filtered fluid.
Colloid
accumulation of excess fluid in the
interstitial space.
Edema
normal pH range of adult arterial blood.
7.35 - 7.45
Formula for calculating ml/hour
mL/h = total infusion volume (mL)
————————————-
Total infusion time (h)
Formula for calculating drops per min (gtts/min)
(gtts/min) = total infusion volume x drop factor
—————————————————
Total time of infusion in minutes
Formula for infusion time (H)
Infusion time H = total volume to infuse (mL)
————————————-
ML/hour
