Its A Small World Flashcards
Identify the parts of a plant cell
Cell wall, sap vacuole, chloroplast, cytoplasm, ribosome, mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane
Identify the main structures found in a animal cell
Nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome
What is the function the nucleus
Controls cells activities. Also contains chromosomes
WHat is the function of the cell membrane
Thin, flexible boundary surrounding a living cells that controls exit and exit of materials
What is the function of the cytoplasm
Transparent material found in a cell that is the site of biochemical reactions
What is the function of the mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration
What is the function of the cell wall
In a plant, it’s a carbohydrate called cellulose, gives the cell strength, shape and support
What is the function if the sap vacuole
A permanent vacuole which contains water, sugar and salt.
What is chloroplasts
Contains green pigment. Chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps sunlight allowing the plant to carry out photosynthesis
Why do you stain cells
Cell structures are often transparent, see through, so in order to make the organelles more visible stains are added.
What stain is added to plant cells
Iodine solution
What stain is added to animal cells
Methylene blue
What is the difference between fungal and plant cells
- fungi do not contain chloroplast
- fungi have cell walls made of chitin, plant have cell walls made of cellulose
What is unusual about bacterial cells
They lack a nucleus, and have no mitochondria or chloroplast
What shape are chromosomes in animal, plant and fungal cells
Linear
What shape are chromosomes in bacterial cells
Circular
What extra chromosomal material do bacterial cells contain
Plasmids
What is a plants cells all made of
Cellulose
What is a fungal cells wall made of
Chitin
What is a bacterial cell wall made of
Peptidolycan
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts
What do enzymes do
Speed up chemical reactions without being used in the reaction
What is a degradation reaction
The breakdown if a large molecule into a smaller molecule
Give an example of a degradation reaction
Catalase
Hydrogen ——————-> oxygen +water
Peroxide
What is a synthesis reaction
A reaction when small molecules are joined together to make a larger molecule
Give an example of a synthesis reaction
Phosphorylase
Glucose-1-phosphate————————–> starch
Enzyme
What is the lock and key hypothesis
The demonstration that each enzyme is specific to one substrate due to there shape
What are enzymes made of
Protein
What is ment by the term optimum?
The best conditions for a particular enzyme to work in. E.g. Temperature and ph
What is ment by the term denatured
This happens when an enzyme is put past it’s optimum temperature. The enzyme molecule changes shape and so the shape of the substrate no longer matches the enzyme.
A denatured enzyme is no longer functional and denaturing is irreversible
Why do living cells need energy
- muscle contraction
- cell division
- protein synthesis
What is respiration
A chemical reaction used to release energy from food
What is the aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen —-> energy + carbon dioxide + water
What energy is released from cells during respiration
Heat energy
What controls respiration
Enzymes
Describe methods used to measure the rate of respiration
Respirometers
What is the optimum temperature for respiration
37
Name two types of cells used in the industry
Bacteria and yeast
Why is yeast useful in the industry
Reproduces quickly (budding) Can respire aerobically and anaerobically
The equation for anaerobic respiration
Food ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide + little energy
What is yeast
A single felled fungus that can use sugar as a food source
What releases the most energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Aerobic
What type of respiration is used in the production of alcohol
Anaerobic
What is bacteria used to make
Cheese and yogurt
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration (fermentation) of lactose by bacteria
Lactose—-> energy + lactic acid
What is a unicellular organism
A organism that consists of only one cell
Give an example of a unicellular organism
Yeast, bacteria and amoeba
What are multicellular organisms
Organisms that has more than one cell type and is made up of tissues and organs
