ITHS Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
What term describes the bone of the arms and legs, including the shoulder and hip bone where they were attached?
A
appendicular skeleton
2
Q
What term applies to the skull spine, and rib cage which rotate around an imaginary center line of the body?
A
axial skeleton
3
Q
What term applies to an involuntary straited muscle tissue located in the walls of the heart?
A
cardiac muscle
4
Q
What protein fiber connects, supports and gives strength to the body tissues such as skin, bone ligaments, and muscle tendons?
A
collagen
5
Q
What term refers to the middle layer of the skin, which contains most of the skin’s structure?
A
dermis
6
Q
What term refers to the thin, outer layer of the skin?
A
epidermis
7
Q
What term applies to the innermost layer of the skin, which stores fat?
A
hypodermis
8
Q
What terms describes anything related to the skin?
A
integumnetary
9
Q
What term refers to a tough fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and holds organs in place?
A
ligaments
10
Q
What term refers to a voluntary straited muscle that connects bones and is responsible for movement?
A
skeletal muscles
11
Q
What term refers to an involuntary muscle located in the body’s visceral organs and blood vessels also known as viceral muscles?
A
smooth muscle
12
Q
What term refers to a tough fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone?
A
tendons
13
Q
What are two column notes referred to as?
A
Cornell Notes
14
Q
What can mind maps be referred to as?
A
web notes
15
Q
What type of tissues do muscluar tissues use to attach to both skin and bones?
A
connective tissue
16
Q
What disease did sailors use to develop because they lacked fresh fruits and vegetables?
A
scurvy
17
Q
Who in the 1900s, discovered that citrus fruits such as oranges and limes were an effective treatment for scurvy?
A
James Lind
18
Q
Which layer of skins is the thin, outer layer that is mostly made up of dead skin?
A
epidermis
19
Q
Which layer of skin contains the skin’s sensory organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands?
A
dermis
20
Q
What layer lies beneath the dermis and contains a layer of fat and connective tissues?
A
hypodermis
21
Q
What does the cytoplasm change to after the skin cells dry out?
A
keratin
22
Q
What term refers to a genetic condition that prevents the skin from making its dark pigment, or color?
A
albinism
23
Q
What is a brownish-black pigment produced by melanocytes?
A
melanin
24
Q
What type of cells are melanocytes in the epidermis?
A
special cells
25
What do cells make more of, when your skin is exposed to more ultraviolet radiation?
melanin
26
What acroymn is used to remember the signs of skin cancer?
ABCDE
27
What is the deadliest form of skin cancer?
maligant melanoma
28
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
29
What results from an infection that causes an overgrowth of cells in the epidermis?
warts
30
What form of surgery uses freezing temperatures to destroy, warts, moles and other diseased tissue?
cryosurgery
31
What are clumps of dead skin from the scalp that falls in clumps known as?
dandruff
32
What term refers to a scrape of the skin's surface?
abrasion
33
What is the process of scraping off the layers of the skin?
dermabrasion
34
What can a laceration or cut into the layers below cause?
scarring
35
What term refers to through the skin?
transdermally
36
What term refers to small bumps that connect the epidermis to the dermis?
dermal paillae
37
What term refers to hair growth being in the root at the bottom of a tube?
hair follicles
38
What is used as protection for the sensitive nail bed at the tips of our fingers and toes?
nail plates
39
What muscles raise the body hair and cause goodbumps when we are cold or scared?
tiny arrector pili muscles
40
What is an oily secretion that coats the hair and skin with a softening, waterproof film?
sebum
41
What produce sebum?
sabaceous glands
42
What are puss filled pores referred to as?
acne
43
What term refers to an infected hair follicle or sebaceous gland?
boil
44
What glands do perspiration come from?
sudoriferous glands
45
What comes through sudoriferous glands in the dermis that empty through sweat pores on the skin's surface?
perspiration
46
What do miscroorganisms produce that discourages the growth of harmful bacteria?
lactic acid
47
What term describes skin that is a pale color due to a lack of blood?
pallor
48
What term refers to the blue color seen in the lips, skin or nails when the blood is low in oxygen?
cyanosis
49
What occurs when increased blood flow to the skin when you're embarrassed, ill or exercising?
erythema
50
Where does hematoma get its color from?
bleeding under the skin
51
What term refers to the yellow color caused by liver disease?
jaundice
52
What do body fat and vasoconstriction hold in?
body heat
53
What makes blood vessels wider so they can carry more warm blood to the body's surface where heat can be released?
vasodilation
54
What term refers to dired blood and body fluid that scabs over on the skin's surface?
crusts
55
What term refers to dry skin flakes that remain attached to the skin's surface as with eczema and psoriasis?
scales
56
What is often seen during puberty when the sebaceous glands produce too much sebum?
seborrhea
57
What are small flaps of skin attached to the epidemris by a thick stalk?
polyps or skin tags
58
What term refers to flat colored spots on the skin's surface?
macules
59
What term refers to large red raised itch bumps seen in allergic reactions called hives?
wheals or welts
60
What term refers to small, solid, raised bumps on the surface of the skin?
paules
61
What type of acne is the most common on the face, neck and back?
pustles or puf filled pimples
62
What term refers to blisters filled with clear fluid?
vesicles
63
What term refers to filled sacs or cysts that form a firm bump going down into the dermis?
nodules
64
What is formed when the cholesterol in the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?
vitamin D
65
What form of surgery helps repair damage and improve fuction after accidents and disease?
reconstuctive surgery
66
What occurs when something presses against the skin long and hard enough to prevnt blood from reaching the skin cells causing them to die?
pressure ulcers
67
What type of suregobs correct a wide variety of mishappen bones and complicated breaks?
orthopedic surgeon
68
What is a major surgey used to improve movement and relieve joint pain?
arthoplasty
69
What term refers to custom built artificial limbs?
prothese
70
Who creates a prothese for patients missing body parts?
prothetists
71
Who creates orthotics to support weak bone or correct physical problems?
orthodontists
72
What term refers to a variety of braces created by orthodontists?
orthotics
73
What term refers to a spongy bone, a lighter and less dense structure than compact bone?
epiphysis
74
What is made in the red bone marrow of the epiphysis?
blood cells
75
What term refers to the long shaft of bone between the two epiphysis?
diaphysis
76
What type of bones are made up of bone cells lined up close together to withstand stress?
compact bones
77
What cavity runs down the center of the diaphysis and stores fat-rich yellow bone marrow?
medullary
78
What runs through an opening or hole called the foramen?
blood vessels
79
What term refers to where ligaments and tendons attach to a bone?
periosteum
80
What term refers to straps of connective tissue that hold bone together at the joints and keep joints from moving the wrong way?
ligaments
81
What term refers to connective tissues that connect muscles to bone for movement at a joint?
tendons
82
What term refers to a genetic mutation caused by defective infufficient collagen and is commonly known as brittle bone disease?
Ostenogenesis imperfecta
83
What term refers to specialized bone forming cells that begin in the mineralization process?
osteoblasts
84
What is the process of taking calcium from what we eat or drink and despositing into the cartilage to form bones?
ossification
85
What is the most common type of short-limbed dwarfism?
achondroplasia
86
What type of cells break down bones during exercise, so it can be remoldeled into new bone cells?
osteoclast cells
87
What term refers to a loss of bone mass, which can weaken the bone so they can break easily?
osteoporosis
88
How many bones do we have at brith?
300 bones
89
Where on an infant's head is where the bones have not yet been sutured together?
fontanel
90
What type of terms are used to name the different segments?
directional terms
91
Which body part are the proximal phalanges close to?
palms
92
Why type of phlanage are in the middle?
medial phalanges
93
What type of phalanges are at the ends of our fingers or toes?
distal phalanges
94
What term refers to rounded knobs at the end of bones?
condyles
95
What term refers to a raised ridge at the edge of a bone?
crest
96
What is a long bump, that doesn't project out as far as a process?
tuberosity
97
What is a part of a bone that projects out like a bridge?
process
98
How many parts is the skeleton divided into?
two parts
99
What are the two parts of the skeleton called?
axial and appendicular skeleton
100
What one of the two skeletons is formed by the skull. spine and rib cage?
axial skeleton
101
What is the appendicular skeleton formed by?
appendages, arms and legs
102
How many bones make up the spine?
33 bones
103
What causes the buttocks to stick out and the hips to tilt too far forward?
inward swayback
104
What term refers to an outward hunchback, that causes the shoulders to slump forward and makes it difficult to raise the head?
kyphosis
105
What are the first seven ribs on each side known as?
true ribs
106
How many ribs are attached directly to the sternum in the front and the thoracic vertebrae in the bacK?
7 ribs
107
What are the next three ribs following the seven true ribs known as?
false ribs
108
How many ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae in the back but only by cartilage in the front?
three ribs
109
How many ribs attach only to the last two thoracic vertebrae in the back?
two ribs
110
What does CPR stand for?
cardiopulmonary resusitaton
111
What is the upper section of the sternum known as?
manubrium
112
What process is a small point at the bottom of the sternum?
xiphoid process
113
What can the shoulder also be referred to as?
pectoral gridle
114
How many bones make up the pectoral gridle?
three bones
115
What are the three bones that create the pectoral griddle?
clavicle, acromion process and the scapula
116
What does the connection of two bones create?
a joint
117
How many freely movable joints are there, and what are there names?
2 type of joints; diarthroses and synovial joints
118
What is the name of a slightly movable joint?
amphiarthroses
119
What type of joint is fused into an immovable joint?
synarthoroses
120
What type of joint is a speration of two bones that are normally held together by ligaments or muscle?
a dislocated joint
121
What type of fracture breaks straight across the bone?
transverse fractures
122
What type of fractures break at an angle?
oblique fractures
123
What type of fractures twist around the bone?
spiral fractures
124
What type of fractures break into many small pieces?
comminuted fractures
125
What type of fractures happen when only one side of the bone breaks?
greenstick fractures
126
How many types of muscles are there, and what are their names?
three types; cardiac, smooth and skeletal
127
What happens to a muscle when they are not used?
atrophy
128
What type of muscles have protein fibers arranged in a striped pattern?
straited
129
What is the name of a group of diseases that causes atrophy and weakness in the skeletal muscle?
musclular dystrophy
130
What can the symptoms of tenderness and swelling be treated with?
RICE
131
What does RICE stand for?
rest, ice, compresstion and elevation
132
When can the meaty bulk of the muscle tissue be felt?
when the muscle contracts
133
What term refers to a thin layer of collagen based connective tissue?
perimysium
134
What part of the body has at least two parts of attachment and must cross at least one joint in order to create movement?
muscles
135
Where is the point of intersection located? The bone that moves or the stationary bone?
the bone that moves
136
Where is the point of origin located? The bone that moves or the stationary bone?
stationary bone
137
What is the muscle doing the work referred to as in a concentric contraction?
agonist
138
What is the relaxed muscle known as in a concentric contraction?
antagonist
139
What is a partly contracted state referred to as?
muscle tone
140
What moves a ventral surface towards a ventral surface decreasing the angle of the joint?
flexion
141
What moves a dorsal surface towards a dorsal surface and increases the ventral surfaces of a joint?
extension
142
What term refers to a limb being moved laterally away from the side of the body?
abduction
143
What term refers to returning a limb to the side of the body?
adduction
144
What term refers to turning on an axis?
rotation
145
What term refers to a motion that creates circles rather than twisting?
circumduction
146
What term refers to permanent shortening of the muscle and tendons that can develop from lack of movement?
contractures
147
What is the long muscle on the thigh that brings the legs toward the body?
adductor longus
148
What extensor straightens and extends the finger?
the extensor digitorium
149
In between what part of the body does the intercoastal run?
the ribs
150
What is located in front of the tibia?
tibialis anterior
151
How many attachments does the triceps brachii have on the upper arm?
three
152
What shape is the deltoid?
triangular
