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Edexcel A Level History > Italian Unification > Flashcards

Italian Unification Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna held?

A

November 1814 - June 1815

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2
Q

When was the Treaty of Vienna passed?

A

June 1815

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3
Q

What did the Treaty of Vienna do?

A

Restore old reactionary rule across the state, repeal CodeNapo

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4
Q

When were the July Days uprising in France?

A

July 1830

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5
Q

What did Casimir Perrier do in 1831?

A

Dash hopes of French offering aid, saying: ‘We do not recognise the right of any people to force us to fight in its cause; the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France alone’

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6
Q

When did Charles Albert become king of Sardini-Piedmont?

A

1831

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7
Q

Where were the uprisings in 1831?

A

Parma, Modena and Papal States

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8
Q

Who lead the uprisings in Modena?

A

Enrico Misley

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9
Q

How did the 1831 revolutions end?

A

Austria crushed them

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10
Q

What happened in the Modena 1831 uprising?

A

2 days before due to start Francseco IV has key member Ciro Menotti arrested
Enrico Misley leads the revolution
Francesco IV flees to Vienna and pleads for help from Metternich
In March Fran returns with the Austrian army

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11
Q

When was the Young Italy movement founded?

A

July 1831

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12
Q

What happened in the 1831 uprisings in the Papal States?

A

Enrico Misley encourages
Feb - Coln. Sercognani leads revolutionary army to take port of Ancona and Umbrian capital Perugia
March - Vicini sets up PG in Bologna and promises some reforms
Revolutionary army later surrenders to papal army on the promise of amnesty for those involved
However after fresh revolts at the end of ‘31, Austria intervenes in Jan ‘32.
March - French occupy Ancona, papal armies sweep through The Marches brutally

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13
Q

When was GB recruit to YI?

A

1833

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14
Q

The cholera outbreak in Sicily killed how much of the population in 1836?

A

10% (65,000)

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15
Q

Who wrote ‘On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians’?

A

Vincenzo Gioberti

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16
Q

When did Gioberti publish his book?

A

‘On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians’ was published in 1843

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17
Q

Who wrote ‘The Hopes of Italy’?

A

Cesare Balbo

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18
Q

When did Balbo publish his book?

A

‘The Hopes of Italy’ was published in 1844

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19
Q

What were Gioberti’s unification plans for Italy?

A

Believed it should be formed into a federation under the rule of the Pope

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20
Q

What were Balbo’s unification plans for Italy?

A

Italy formed into a federation, limited to N states, under rule of King of Piedmont

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21
Q

What were Massimo d’Azeglio’s unification for Italy?

A

Need to drive out ‘Austrian tyrant’ to achieve unification, but would be done by influencing European opinion (X revolution)

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22
Q

When was Cardinal Master Ferretti elected as Pope Pius IX?

A

June 1846

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23
Q

What did Pope Pius IX do in 1846?

A

Passed a number of reforms:
Released 2000 political prisoners
Created an armed civic guard of the local people to protect property
Signed customs union treaty

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24
Q

How did events in 1847 lead to the revolutions the following year?

A

Pretty bad
Depression
Poor harvests led to food riots, worsened deep-rotted economic problems
However alright in Papal States - Pius passed a no. of liberal reforms
CA sacks his conservative minister and announces limited reforms
Duke Leopold II also passes limited reforms, in Tuscany

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25
Q

What did Pope Pius IX do in 1847?

A

Continued to pass some more reforms:
Press censorship of Churh removed
Press censorship of staes undertaken by committee which = mostly laymen
Set up Consulta

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26
Q

What was the Consulta?

A

A council of state set up to advise the papacy

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27
Q

How did Metternich respond to Pius’s reforms?

A

Exercised right to occupy Ferrara in the Papal States

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28
Q

Where did revolutions break out in 1848?

A

Sicily, Lombardy, Milan, Venice

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29
Q

When were ‘liberal’ constitutions granted in Sicily and Tuscany?

A

February 1848

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30
Q

When was the tobacco boycott in Milan?

A

January 1848

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31
Q

When did Metternich resign as foreign minister?

A

13th March 1848

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32
Q

When were the 5 days of Milan?

A

17th - 22nd March 1848

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33
Q

When is the Venetian Republic of St Mark declared?

A

22nd March 1848

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34
Q

When does the First Italian War of Independence begin?

A

(22nd/23rd) March 1848

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35
Q

Why does Piedmont declare war on Austria in 1848?

A

Austrian rule in Lombardy led to 5 Days of Milan - temporary collapse of Austro rule
Proposed union w/ Piedmont
PG formed who asked for CA’s help, knowing Austrians would return
Initially hesitant, CA agreed as Lombardy annexation chances looked good
Also wary of revolution spreading to Piedmont

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36
Q

When does the papal army join Piedmontese forces in the First War of Independence? (Durango)

A

April 1848

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37
Q

When does the Pope issue the Papal Allocution?

A

29th April 1848

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38
Q

Why does the Pope issue the Papal Allocution?

A

Largely in response to Durango’s disobedience

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39
Q

What did the Papal Allocution state?

A

War against Austria didn’t have papal blessing
Highlighted CA as aggressor
United Italy not supported by Pope
Didn’t want to be considered a potential leader

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40
Q

When is the revolution in Naples defeated?

A

May 1848

Ferdi II restored

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41
Q

When does CA’s army take Peschiera?

A

May 1848

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42
Q

When does CA’s army win the Battle of Goito?

A

May 1848

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43
Q

When does the Venetian PG vote for union w/ Piedmont?

A

July 1848

Offer military assistance to CA

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44
Q

When is the Battle of Custozza and who won?

A

24th July 1848

Austria - Piedmont crushed

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45
Q

When is the Armistice of Salasco?

A

11th August 1848

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46
Q

When does Ferdinand earn the name ‘King Bomba’ and why?

A

September 1848

Launches military assault on Sicily

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47
Q

When is Rossi murdered?

A

November 1848

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48
Q

When is the Roman Republic proclaimed?

A

February 1849

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49
Q

When is the Battle of Novara?

A

March 1849

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50
Q

Who wins the Battle of Novara and what happens?

A

Austria
Embarrassing defeat causes CA to abdicate
Succeeded by VEII

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51
Q

Why does CA abdicate?

A

Embarrassing defeat at hands of Austrians at Battle of Novara

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52
Q

When does CA abdicate?

A

March 1849

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53
Q

When does VEII become king?

A

March 1849

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54
Q

When does the Siege of Venice begin?

A

March 1849

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55
Q

In April 1848, roughly how many French troops attack Rome?

A

20,000

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56
Q

How long does the Siege of Venice last?

A

March 1849 - August 1849

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57
Q

When does Massimo D’Azeglio become PM?

A

May 1849

58
Q

What was the population of Italy in 1850?

A

Over 50 million

59
Q

When were the Siccardi Laws passed?

A

1850

60
Q

What did the Siccardi Laws do?

A

Banned Church from have separate law courts
Restricted rights of religious groups to buy property and amass wealth
Abolished rights of criminals to seek sanctuary in Church

61
Q

When does Cavour become Minister for Trade and Agriculture?

A

October 1850

62
Q

What does Cavour do as Minister for Trade and Agriculture?

A

Signs bilateral trade treaties w/ Portugal, France, Britain and Belgium
Boosts economy and country’s international rep.

63
Q

Between 1850 and 1859, Cavour’s trade treaties increased Piedmontese imports and exports by what percentage?

A

300%

64
Q

Cavour’s trade treaties increased Piedmontese imports and exports by 300% during what years?

A

1850-1859

65
Q

When does Mazzini found Friends of Italy Society?

A

1851

66
Q

When does Cavour engineer the Connubio?

A

1852

67
Q

What was the Connubio?

A

An alliance b/w Rattazi’s centre-left and d’Azeglio’s centre right
Strengthened power of parliament

68
Q

When is Cavour temporarily exiled from politics?

A

May 1852

69
Q

Why is Cavour temporarily exiled from politics in May 1852?

A

Fell out w/ d’Azeglio

70
Q

When does Cavour become PM of Piedmont?

A

November 1852

71
Q

When does the Crimean War begin?

A

October 1853

Formally announced 1854

72
Q

When does Piedmont join the Crimean War?

A

1855

73
Q

When does Cavour send 15,000 troops to assist the French at Napo’s request?

A

January 1855

74
Q

Cavour sends a number of Piedmontese troops to assist the French and British in January 1855 at Napo’s request. How many troops did he send?

A

15,000

75
Q

When is the Battle of Chernaya Rechka?

A

August 1855

76
Q

When does Cavour attend the Congress of Paris?

A

February 1856

77
Q

When does the Crimean War formally end?

A

March 1856

78
Q

When is the National Society formally founded?

A

1857

79
Q

When does the Orisini affair take place?

A

14th January 1858

80
Q

What is the Orsini affair?

A

Felice Orsini tries to assassinate Napo III - fails
At trial makes heartfelt plea for Napo to support unification cause
Napo claims to be ‘moved’ but mostly just scared, and stood to gain a lot by weakening Austria

81
Q

When is the Pact of Plombieres?

A

1858

82
Q

Who is present at the Pact of Plombieres?

A

Cavour and Napo III

83
Q

What was the Pact of Plombieres?

A

Secret meeting b/w Cavour and Napo III

France agreed to join Piedmont in war against Austria

84
Q

What was agreed at the Pact of Plombieres?

A

France would join Piedmont in war to expel Austrians from N Italy if engineered so Austria = aggressor
Kingdom of Upper Italy would be set up
Pope would lead Italian Confederation
France would gain Nice and Savoy from Piedmont
Napo’s cousin Prince Jerome Bonaparte would marry Mary-Clotilde (daughter of VEII)
Would add 200,000 troops to Piedmont’s 100,000

85
Q

When does the Second War of Independence start?

A

29th April 1859

86
Q

What happens in Florence in April 1859?

A

Baron Ricasoli took power, forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee

Set up gov in support of joining Piedmont

87
Q

Where does the National Society engineer peaceful revolutions in May 1859?

A

Modena, Parma and the rest of Tuscany

88
Q

When does the National Society engineer a number of peaceful revolutions?

A

May 1859

89
Q

When does the Magenta battle take place?

A

(4th) June 1859

90
Q

When does the Solferino battle take place?

A

24th June 1859

91
Q

When is Villafranca?

A

July 1859

92
Q

What is Villafranca?

A

A secret meeting b/w France and Austria with them secretly making peace, after Napoleon was shocked at the bloodiness of Solferino

93
Q

When is the Treay of Zurich?

A

(10th) November 1859

94
Q

What is the Treaty of Zurich?

A

Reaffirms Villafranca peace agreements

95
Q

When does Cavour resign?

A

November 1859

96
Q

Why does Cavour resign?

A

Angry at Villafranca

97
Q

When does Cavour return to office after the Villafranca upset?

A

1860

98
Q

When does Cavour make a deal with Napoleon regarding Central States annexation?

A

January 1860

99
Q

In January 1860 Cavour meets with Napoleon. What deal is made?

A

Nice and Savoy could go to France providing plebiscites of Piedmontese annexation were held in Central States (vote for annexation)

100
Q

Where does GB and The Thousand first land on Sicily?

A

Marsala

101
Q

When does GB land at Marsala, Sicily?

A

(11th) May 1860

102
Q

Where do revolts break out in April 1860

A

Sicily

103
Q

At which battle does GB’s Red Shirts defeat the Neapolitan army?

A

Battle of Calatafimi

104
Q

When is the Battle of Calatafimi?

A

(15th) May 1860

105
Q

When is the meeting at Teano?

A

October 1860

106
Q

Who meets at Teano?

A

GB and VEII

107
Q

When is the Kingdom of Italy officially declared?

A

March 1861

108
Q

Who was declared as leader of the Kingdom of Italy?

A

Victor Emmanuel II

109
Q

What does the Pope think of the Kingdom of Italy?

A

Not a fan - places anathema on unification

Calls for priests to denounce it from Church pulpits and for people to oppose

110
Q

When does Cavour die?

A

(6th) June 1861

111
Q

‘Roma o morte’ means what?

A

Rome or death

112
Q

What does ‘Roma o morte’ refer to?

A

GB’s quest to seize Rome

113
Q

The constitution of the Kingdom of Italy is based on what?

A

The Statuto

114
Q

In March 1861 how much land did the Church lose to the state?

A

2/3rds of it

115
Q

Who said ‘We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians’?

A

Massimo D’Azeglio

116
Q

When did D’Azeglio say ‘We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians’?

A

1861

117
Q

At which ‘Roma o morte’ battle is GB wounded at in 1862?

A

Battle of Aspromonte

118
Q

When was the Syllabus of Errors published?

A

1864

119
Q

What was the Syllabus of Errors?

A

A publication by Pope Pius IX that rejected liberalism, claimed the right of Church to control education, refuse tolerance of other religions and hold temporal power

120
Q

Where do OVB and Napo III meet October 1865?

A

Biarritz

121
Q

Who met at Biarritz in October 1865?

A

OVB and Napo III

122
Q

When did OVB and Napo III meet at Biarritz?

A

October 1865

123
Q

What was agreed at Biarritz in October 1865?

A

France would remain neutral in any forthcoming Austro-Prussian war.
In return, Venice would be returned to France (and ultimately to Italians)

124
Q

When was the September Convention?

A

September 1864

125
Q

What was agreed at the September Convention?

A

France would evacuate Rome within 2 years

126
Q

Who was at the September Convention?

A

Napoleon and VE

127
Q

What was agreed between Prussia and Italy in April 1866?

A

Prussia would form an alliance with Italy.

128
Q

What was agreed June 1866?

A

Austria would give Venetia to France in return for their neutrality in the upcoming war

129
Q

When did Prussia declare war on Austria?

A

(20th) June 1866

130
Q

At which two battles were the Italians heavily defeated at during the 1866 Austro-Prussian war?

A

Custozza (June) and Lissa (July)

131
Q

At which battle were the Austrians crushed by the Prussians? (1866)

A

Battle of Sadowa

132
Q

When did the Prussians crush the Austrians at the Battle of Sadowa?

A

(3rd) July 1866

133
Q

When was the Treaty of Prague?

A

August 1866

134
Q

What was agreed at the Treaty of Prague?

A

Venetia was given to Napo who later gave it to the KoI

135
Q

When was GB’s second attempt at ‘Roma o morte’?

A

1867

136
Q

Where was GB’s second attempt at ‘Roma o morte’?

A

Mentana

137
Q

When did the Franco-Prussian war begin (OVB lure Napo to war)?

A

(19th) July 1870

138
Q

When was France defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?

A

(1st/2nd) September 1870

139
Q

How does Italy make the most of the Franco-Prussian war?

A

No troops in Rome so can walk in, seize and annex it

140
Q

When does Italy annex Rome?

A

(2nd) October 1870

141
Q

In 1871, what proportion of the population knew and commonly used Italian?

A

63,000 out of 27 million

142
Q

What was the illiteracy rate in 1871?

A

2/3rd of the population

Edexcel A Level History (7 decks)

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