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Edexcel A Level History > Italian Unification > Flashcards

Italian Unification Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna held?

A

November 1814 - June 1815

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2
Q

When was the Treaty of Vienna passed?

A

June 1815

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3
Q

What did the Treaty of Vienna do?

A

Restore old reactionary rule across the state, repeal CodeNapo

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4
Q

When were the July Days uprising in France?

A

July 1830

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5
Q

What did Casimir Perrier do in 1831?

A

Dash hopes of French offering aid, saying: ‘We do not recognise the right of any people to force us to fight in its cause; the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France alone’

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6
Q

When did Charles Albert become king of Sardini-Piedmont?

A

1831

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7
Q

Where were the uprisings in 1831?

A

Parma, Modena and Papal States

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8
Q

Who lead the uprisings in Modena?

A

Enrico Misley

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9
Q

How did the 1831 revolutions end?

A

Austria crushed them

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10
Q

What happened in the Modena 1831 uprising?

A

2 days before due to start Francseco IV has key member Ciro Menotti arrested
Enrico Misley leads the revolution
Francesco IV flees to Vienna and pleads for help from Metternich
In March Fran returns with the Austrian army

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11
Q

When was the Young Italy movement founded?

A

July 1831

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12
Q

What happened in the 1831 uprisings in the Papal States?

A

Enrico Misley encourages
Feb - Coln. Sercognani leads revolutionary army to take port of Ancona and Umbrian capital Perugia
March - Vicini sets up PG in Bologna and promises some reforms
Revolutionary army later surrenders to papal army on the promise of amnesty for those involved
However after fresh revolts at the end of ‘31, Austria intervenes in Jan ‘32.
March - French occupy Ancona, papal armies sweep through The Marches brutally

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13
Q

When was GB recruit to YI?

A

1833

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14
Q

The cholera outbreak in Sicily killed how much of the population in 1836?

A

10% (65,000)

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15
Q

Who wrote ‘On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians’?

A

Vincenzo Gioberti

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16
Q

When did Gioberti publish his book?

A

‘On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians’ was published in 1843

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17
Q

Who wrote ‘The Hopes of Italy’?

A

Cesare Balbo

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18
Q

When did Balbo publish his book?

A

‘The Hopes of Italy’ was published in 1844

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19
Q

What were Gioberti’s unification plans for Italy?

A

Believed it should be formed into a federation under the rule of the Pope

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20
Q

What were Balbo’s unification plans for Italy?

A

Italy formed into a federation, limited to N states, under rule of King of Piedmont

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21
Q

What were Massimo d’Azeglio’s unification for Italy?

A

Need to drive out ‘Austrian tyrant’ to achieve unification, but would be done by influencing European opinion (X revolution)

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22
Q

When was Cardinal Master Ferretti elected as Pope Pius IX?

A

June 1846

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23
Q

What did Pope Pius IX do in 1846?

A

Passed a number of reforms:
Released 2000 political prisoners
Created an armed civic guard of the local people to protect property
Signed customs union treaty

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24
Q

How did events in 1847 lead to the revolutions the following year?

A

Pretty bad
Depression
Poor harvests led to food riots, worsened deep-rotted economic problems
However alright in Papal States - Pius passed a no. of liberal reforms
CA sacks his conservative minister and announces limited reforms
Duke Leopold II also passes limited reforms, in Tuscany

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25
What did Pope Pius IX do in 1847?
Continued to pass some more reforms: Press censorship of Churh removed Press censorship of staes undertaken by committee which = mostly laymen Set up Consulta
26
What was the Consulta?
A council of state set up to advise the papacy
27
How did Metternich respond to Pius's reforms?
Exercised right to occupy Ferrara in the Papal States
28
Where did revolutions break out in 1848?
Sicily, Lombardy, Milan, Venice
29
When were 'liberal' constitutions granted in Sicily and Tuscany?
February 1848
30
When was the tobacco boycott in Milan?
January 1848
31
When did Metternich resign as foreign minister?
13th March 1848
32
When were the 5 days of Milan?
17th - 22nd March 1848
33
When is the Venetian Republic of St Mark declared?
22nd March 1848
34
When does the First Italian War of Independence begin?
(22nd/23rd) March 1848
35
Why does Piedmont declare war on Austria in 1848?
Austrian rule in Lombardy led to 5 Days of Milan - temporary collapse of Austro rule Proposed union w/ Piedmont PG formed who asked for CA's help, knowing Austrians would return Initially hesitant, CA agreed as Lombardy annexation chances looked good Also wary of revolution spreading to Piedmont
36
When does the papal army join Piedmontese forces in the First War of Independence? (Durango)
April 1848
37
When does the Pope issue the Papal Allocution?
29th April 1848
38
Why does the Pope issue the Papal Allocution?
Largely in response to Durango's disobedience
39
What did the Papal Allocution state?
War against Austria didn't have papal blessing Highlighted CA as aggressor United Italy not supported by Pope Didn't want to be considered a potential leader
40
When is the revolution in Naples defeated?
May 1848 | Ferdi II restored
41
When does CA's army take Peschiera?
May 1848
42
When does CA's army win the Battle of Goito?
May 1848
43
When does the Venetian PG vote for union w/ Piedmont?
July 1848 | Offer military assistance to CA
44
When is the Battle of Custozza and who won?
24th July 1848 | Austria - Piedmont crushed
45
When is the Armistice of Salasco?
11th August 1848
46
When does Ferdinand earn the name 'King Bomba' and why?
September 1848 | Launches military assault on Sicily
47
When is Rossi murdered?
November 1848
48
When is the Roman Republic proclaimed?
February 1849
49
When is the Battle of Novara?
March 1849
50
Who wins the Battle of Novara and what happens?
Austria Embarrassing defeat causes CA to abdicate Succeeded by VEII
51
Why does CA abdicate?
Embarrassing defeat at hands of Austrians at Battle of Novara
52
When does CA abdicate?
March 1849
53
When does VEII become king?
March 1849
54
When does the Siege of Venice begin?
March 1849
55
In April 1848, roughly how many French troops attack Rome?
20,000
56
How long does the Siege of Venice last?
March 1849 - August 1849
57
When does Massimo D'Azeglio become PM?
May 1849
58
What was the population of Italy in 1850?
Over 50 million
59
When were the Siccardi Laws passed?
1850
60
What did the Siccardi Laws do?
Banned Church from have separate law courts Restricted rights of religious groups to buy property and amass wealth Abolished rights of criminals to seek sanctuary in Church
61
When does Cavour become Minister for Trade and Agriculture?
October 1850
62
What does Cavour do as Minister for Trade and Agriculture?
Signs bilateral trade treaties w/ Portugal, France, Britain and Belgium Boosts economy and country's international rep.
63
Between 1850 and 1859, Cavour's trade treaties increased Piedmontese imports and exports by what percentage?
300%
64
Cavour's trade treaties increased Piedmontese imports and exports by 300% during what years?
1850-1859
65
When does Mazzini found Friends of Italy Society?
1851
66
When does Cavour engineer the Connubio?
1852
67
What was the Connubio?
An alliance b/w Rattazi's centre-left and d'Azeglio's centre right Strengthened power of parliament
68
When is Cavour temporarily exiled from politics?
May 1852
69
Why is Cavour temporarily exiled from politics in May 1852?
Fell out w/ d'Azeglio
70
When does Cavour become PM of Piedmont?
November 1852
71
When does the Crimean War begin?
October 1853 | Formally announced 1854
72
When does Piedmont join the Crimean War?
1855
73
When does Cavour send 15,000 troops to assist the French at Napo's request?
January 1855
74
Cavour sends a number of Piedmontese troops to assist the French and British in January 1855 at Napo's request. How many troops did he send?
15,000
75
When is the Battle of Chernaya Rechka?
August 1855
76
When does Cavour attend the Congress of Paris?
February 1856
77
When does the Crimean War formally end?
March 1856
78
When is the National Society formally founded?
1857
79
When does the Orisini affair take place?
14th January 1858
80
What is the Orsini affair?
Felice Orsini tries to assassinate Napo III - fails At trial makes heartfelt plea for Napo to support unification cause Napo claims to be 'moved' but mostly just scared, and stood to gain a lot by weakening Austria
81
When is the Pact of Plombieres?
1858
82
Who is present at the Pact of Plombieres?
Cavour and Napo III
83
What was the Pact of Plombieres?
Secret meeting b/w Cavour and Napo III | France agreed to join Piedmont in war against Austria
84
What was agreed at the Pact of Plombieres?
France would join Piedmont in war to expel Austrians from N Italy if engineered so Austria = aggressor Kingdom of Upper Italy would be set up Pope would lead Italian Confederation France would gain Nice and Savoy from Piedmont Napo's cousin Prince Jerome Bonaparte would marry Mary-Clotilde (daughter of VEII) Would add 200,000 troops to Piedmont's 100,000
85
When does the Second War of Independence start?
29th April 1859
86
What happens in Florence in April 1859?
Baron Ricasoli took power, forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee | Set up gov in support of joining Piedmont
87
Where does the National Society engineer peaceful revolutions in May 1859?
Modena, Parma and the rest of Tuscany
88
When does the National Society engineer a number of peaceful revolutions?
May 1859
89
When does the Magenta battle take place?
(4th) June 1859
90
When does the Solferino battle take place?
24th June 1859
91
When is Villafranca?
July 1859
92
What is Villafranca?
A secret meeting b/w France and Austria with them secretly making peace, after Napoleon was shocked at the bloodiness of Solferino
93
When is the Treay of Zurich?
(10th) November 1859
94
What is the Treaty of Zurich?
Reaffirms Villafranca peace agreements
95
When does Cavour resign?
November 1859
96
Why does Cavour resign?
Angry at Villafranca
97
When does Cavour return to office after the Villafranca upset?
1860
98
When does Cavour make a deal with Napoleon regarding Central States annexation?
January 1860
99
In January 1860 Cavour meets with Napoleon. What deal is made?
Nice and Savoy could go to France providing plebiscites of Piedmontese annexation were held in Central States (vote for annexation)
100
Where does GB and The Thousand first land on Sicily?
Marsala
101
When does GB land at Marsala, Sicily?
(11th) May 1860
102
Where do revolts break out in April 1860
Sicily
103
At which battle does GB's Red Shirts defeat the Neapolitan army?
Battle of Calatafimi
104
When is the Battle of Calatafimi?
(15th) May 1860
105
When is the meeting at Teano?
October 1860
106
Who meets at Teano?
GB and VEII
107
When is the Kingdom of Italy officially declared?
March 1861
108
Who was declared as leader of the Kingdom of Italy?
Victor Emmanuel II
109
What does the Pope think of the Kingdom of Italy?
Not a fan - places anathema on unification | Calls for priests to denounce it from Church pulpits and for people to oppose
110
When does Cavour die?
(6th) June 1861
111
'Roma o morte' means what?
Rome or death
112
What does 'Roma o morte' refer to?
GB's quest to seize Rome
113
The constitution of the Kingdom of Italy is based on what?
The Statuto
114
In March 1861 how much land did the Church lose to the state?
2/3rds of it
115
Who said 'We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians'?
Massimo D'Azeglio
116
When did D'Azeglio say 'We have made Italy. Now we must make Italians'?
1861
117
At which 'Roma o morte' battle is GB wounded at in 1862?
Battle of Aspromonte
118
When was the Syllabus of Errors published?
1864
119
What was the Syllabus of Errors?
A publication by Pope Pius IX that rejected liberalism, claimed the right of Church to control education, refuse tolerance of other religions and hold temporal power
120
Where do OVB and Napo III meet October 1865?
Biarritz
121
Who met at Biarritz in October 1865?
OVB and Napo III
122
When did OVB and Napo III meet at Biarritz?
October 1865
123
What was agreed at Biarritz in October 1865?
France would remain neutral in any forthcoming Austro-Prussian war. In return, Venice would be returned to France (and ultimately to Italians)
124
When was the September Convention?
September 1864
125
What was agreed at the September Convention?
France would evacuate Rome within 2 years
126
Who was at the September Convention?
Napoleon and VE
127
What was agreed between Prussia and Italy in April 1866?
Prussia would form an alliance with Italy.
128
What was agreed June 1866?
Austria would give Venetia to France in return for their neutrality in the upcoming war
129
When did Prussia declare war on Austria?
(20th) June 1866
130
At which two battles were the Italians heavily defeated at during the 1866 Austro-Prussian war?
Custozza (June) and Lissa (July)
131
At which battle were the Austrians crushed by the Prussians? (1866)
Battle of Sadowa
132
When did the Prussians crush the Austrians at the Battle of Sadowa?
(3rd) July 1866
133
When was the Treaty of Prague?
August 1866
134
What was agreed at the Treaty of Prague?
Venetia was given to Napo who later gave it to the KoI
135
When was GB's second attempt at 'Roma o morte'?
1867
136
Where was GB's second attempt at 'Roma o morte'?
Mentana
137
When did the Franco-Prussian war begin (OVB lure Napo to war)?
(19th) July 1870
138
When was France defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?
(1st/2nd) September 1870
139
How does Italy make the most of the Franco-Prussian war?
No troops in Rome so can walk in, seize and annex it
140
When does Italy annex Rome?
(2nd) October 1870
141
In 1871, what proportion of the population knew and commonly used Italian?
63,000 out of 27 million
142
What was the illiteracy rate in 1871?
2/3rd of the population

Edexcel A Level History (7 decks)

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