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Edexcel A Level History > Britain: Unionism > Flashcards

Britain: Unionism Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the first Friendly Societies Act passed?

A

1793

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2
Q

When was the Unlawful Oaths Act passed?

A

1797

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3
Q

When did Robert Owen take over mills at New Lanark?

A

1799

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4
Q

Who took over the mills at New Lanark in 1799?

A

Robert Owen

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5
Q

When was the first Combination of Workmen Act passed?

A

July 1799

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6
Q

What did the first Combination of Workmen Act do?

A

Banned unionisation (to improve working conditions)

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7
Q

When was the Combinations Act amended (Second Combination Act passed)?

A

1800

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8
Q

When did major strikes by cotton spinners occur in Lancashire?

A

1810

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9
Q

For how long did the strikes by cotton spinners in Lancashire take place?

A

4 months

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10
Q

Which group of workers held major strikes in Lancashire in 1810?

A

Cotton Spinners

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11
Q

When was the Corn Law introduced?

A

1815

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12
Q

What two key things happened in 1816 relating to New Lanark?

A

Future Russian Tsar Grand Duke Nicholas visits

Institue for the Formation of Character set up

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13
Q

When did Grand Duke Nicholas visit New Lanark?

A

1816

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14
Q

When was the infant school established at New Lanark?

A

1817

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15
Q

In 1818, which two societies were formed and collapsed?

A

Philanthropic Hercules (London) and Philanthropic Society (Lancashire)

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16
Q

The strikes held by the Lancashire cotton spinners began to spread nationally in what year?

A

1818

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17
Q

When did the Philanthropic Hercules and Philanthropic Society form, and where were each based?

A

1818

London and Lancashire respectively

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18
Q

When did the Philanthropic Hercules and Philanthropic Society collapse?

A

1818

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19
Q

When was the Co-operative and Economical Society formed?

A

1821

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20
Q

Who formed the Co-operative and Economical Society?

A

Henry Hetherington

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21
Q

Which Act was passed in 1823?

A

The Master and Servant Act, which made failure to complete contract punishable by imprisonment

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22
Q

Which Act was passed in 1825?

A

New Combinations of Workmen Act, which banned ‘molestation’ (aka Molestation Act)

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23
Q

What happened to the Combinations of Workmen Act in 1824?

A

It was repealed

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24
Q

When was the Master and Servant Act passed?

A

1823

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25
Q

What did the Master and Servant Act do?

A

Made failure to complete contract punishable by imprisonment

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26
Q

When was the Co-operator newspaper published?

A

1827

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27
Q

Who published the first Co-operator newspaper?

A

William King

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28
Q

When was the Grand General Union of Spinners established?

A

1829

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29
Q

Who established the Grand General Union of Spinners?

A

John Doherty

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30
Q

What did John Doherty do in 1829?

A

Establish the Grand General Union of Spinners

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31
Q

When was the National Equitable Labour Exchange set up?

A

1832

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32
Q

When was the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union established?

A

1834

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33
Q

What happened to the Tolpuddle ‘Martyrs’ in 1834?

A

They were arrested, tried and sent to Australia for 7 years

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34
Q

What happened in Newport in 1839?

A

There was an armed uprising

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35
Q

When were the Rochdale Pioneers founded?

A

1844

36
Q

When was the armed uprising in Newport?

A

1839

37
Q

When was the first ‘Model Union’ set up?

A

1851

38
Q

What was the name of the first ‘Model Union’?

A

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

39
Q

When was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers set up?

A

1851

40
Q

When was the second Friendly Societies Act passed?

A

1855

41
Q

When was the first strike action of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and what happened?

A

1852, defeated that year

42
Q

What Act was passed in 1855?

A

Friendly Societies Act

43
Q

What two key things were set up in 1860?

A

London Trades Council

Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners

44
Q

When was the London Trades Council set up?

A

1860

45
Q

When was the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners set up?

A

1860

46
Q

When was the Co-operative Wholesale Society set up?

A

1863

47
Q

What is the ‘virtuous cycle’ and which society does it relate to?

A

Co-operative movement
Buy in bulk –> lower prices –> able to sell good quality and low costs so people buy from the shop –> profits put back into community and able to keep store going

48
Q

When were the Sheffield Outrages?

A

1866

49
Q

When was the Birmingham Trades Council set up?

A

1866

50
Q

Where was the London Trades Council meeting held in 1866?

A

Sheffield

51
Q

When was the Trades Union Act passed?

A

1871

52
Q

What did the Conference of Amalgamated Trades do in 1867?

A

Arrange representation to Royal Commission

53
Q

What’s a ‘knobstick’?

A

A term for someone who didn’t support union action/crossed the picket line
Often immigrants who were desperate for work

54
Q

The cotton spinners who had strikes in 1810, were backed up by who, and in what year?

A

Weavers in 1818

55
Q

What was a key weakness of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union?

A

Still a load of independent bodies mainly concerned w/ self interests
Partially bc meagre funds unable to support those on strike (claimed 1 million members, but only 16,000 paid fee)

56
Q

What happened in Derby in 1834?

A

1,500 mill workers locked out for failure to renounce union, but had to 4 months later due to lack of funds from ‘Grand National’

57
Q

What was ‘the Document’?

A

A piece of papers employees had to sign denouncing any commitment to a union. Failure to sign could result in them being locked out or even sacked
Used by employers to sift out union members & secure obedience

58
Q

When did the ‘Grand National’ collapse?

A

1835

59
Q

Give a key reason why the ‘Grand National’ collapsed.

A

Financial burden of having to support loyal members who were locked out for their union commitment combined w/ loss of funds from those who had renounced their affiliation

60
Q

Whah happened to unionisation after the passing of the Combination Act in 1799?

A

Aimed to be prevented but actually grew due to improving modes of communication e.g. postal service
Also, not implemented effectively - Unlawful Oaths Act carried harsher sentences, so used more

61
Q

What is a suggested reason for the passing of the Combination Act 1799?

A

Perceived dangers from the war with France –> after war had ended in 1815, Acts largely ignored

62
Q

What were two key features of New Model Unionism?

A

High subscription fees
More nationalised
Strong administrative structure

63
Q

When was the Trades Union Congress founded?

A

1868

64
Q

What were the advantages of the NMUs high subscription fees?

A 
Could: keep out 'riff-raff'
Build up funds
Pay organisers & general secretaries
Could fund striking if needed
Offer benefits to other members
65
Q

Arguably, what was the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union an attempt of?

A

NMUnionism

66
Q

What are some key differences between TUs and NMUs?

A

NMUs = more organised, tactics focussed on peaceful talk and education, more organised, more nationalised, high subscription fee

67
Q

When was the Master and Servant Act repealed?

A

1867

68
Q

What were ‘friendly societies?’

A

Groups of workers who joined together to provide mutual social and financial support to each other when the time arose

69
Q

Why did the Philanthropic Hercules/Society collapse?

A

The arrest of 5 of their leaders involved in strike action

70
Q

When was the war with the French Republic?

A

1793 - 1815

71
Q

What was the impact of the war with France?

A

Government suspicion of groups of working men - thought they could start a revolution like France

72
Q

In 1820, how much did the Gross National Product rise by?

A

16.8%

73
Q

What did the Royal Commission show about government attitudes to TUs?

A

Both Minority and Majority wanted to legalise TUs to an extent - more enlightened

74
Q

How many members did the GNCTU claim to have?

A

1 million

75
Q

How many members actually paid the subscription fees of the GNCTU?

A

16,000

76
Q

What was the Unlawful Oaths Act?

A

Basically a law that banned affiliations with clubs that could ‘disrupt’ - e.g. strikes

77
Q

How did the amendment of the Combinations Act in 1800 change it?

A

Allowed appeals in local court
Allowed for legally binding arbitration in wage disputes
Forbade employees’ organisations

78
Q

How successful were the first Combinations Acts?

A

Not very
Poorly executed
Other punishments were harsher and so preferred

79
Q

When were the first Combinations Act repealed?

A

1824

80
Q

What did the New Combinations Act do?

A

Made ‘molestation’ illegal; (pressuring others to strike)

81
Q

How many people were prosecuted under the Master and Servant Act in the years between 1857-1875?

A

10,000 each year in England and Wales

82
Q

What did the ‘repeal’ of the Master and Servant Act do in 1867?

A

Only removed the most unfair elements

83
Q

What happened with the Tolpuddle ‘Martyrs’?

A

Formed in October 1833 as their pay was reduced to 6 shillings
Decided to form a Friendly Society - got help from 2 TU members
Arrested and prosecuted under Unlawful Oaths Act - given harsh sentence - made example out of

84
Q

By 1874, British TUs had how many members?

A

Over 1 million

85
Q

‘Aristocracy of labour’ refers to what?

A

NMUs, ASE - only really protected skilled workers

86
Q

In 1852, how much did the ASE membership tax generate?

A

Around £12,000

87
Q

What was the most influential action of the ASE and when was it?

A

1859-60
London Builders looked to reduce working day to 9 hours
With 3 separate donations of £1000 they managed to strike for 6 months and force a compromise

Edexcel A Level History (7 decks)

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