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Fire lieutenant > IST > Flashcards

IST Flashcards

1
Q

May indicate that the fire is in early stages of development

A

High neutral plane

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2
Q

Could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flashover is approaching

A

Mid-level neutral plane

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3
Q

May indicate that the fire is reaching flash over conditions

A

Very low-level neutral plane

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4
Q

The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area

A

Fuel load (fire load)

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5
Q

During a pre incident survey these items should be noted on the floor plan drawing

A

•Vertical shafts and horizontal openings
•fire protection equipment (standpipes and sprinkler control valves)
•fire control centers
•safe haven areas for occupants
•open pits and other process hazards

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6
Q

Release heat and smoke to the outside through vents that work automatically and are placed at the highest point of a roof or wall to limit the spread of a fire within a building

A

Automatic roof and wall vents

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7
Q

Release heat and smoke from atriums to the outside

A

Atrium vents

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8
Q

Release heat and smoke to the outside from square or rectangular structures that penetrate a building’s roof. ______ with solid walls should have at least two opposite sides hinged at the bottom and held closed at the top with a fusible link that allows gravity to open them in case of a fire

A

Monitors

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9
Q

These with thermoplastic panels or ordinary window glass act as automatic vents when melted or broken by fire

A

Skylights

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10
Q

Fire-resistive half-walls (draft curtains) extend down from the underside of a roof to limit the horizontal spread of heat and smoke, which confines them to a relatively small area directly over their sources

A

Curtain boards

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11
Q

The pre-incident survey of any given occupancy should gather the following information

A

• location of all water supplies
• location of water system interconnections
• required fire flow based on construction type and fuel load information on calculations that owners provide
• water supply system pressure
• available fire flow
• reliability of water supplies
• water supply utilization methods 

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12
Q

A formal written agreement between jurisdictions that share a common boundary

A

Automatic aid 

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13
Q

a reciprocal agreement between two or more fire and emergency services organizations.

A

mutual aid

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14
Q

similar to mutual aid, except that payment rather than reciprocal aid is made by one agency to the other

A

additional resources

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15
Q

collapse zone

A

1 1/2 times height of building

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16
Q

steps of the decision making process

A

-identify and prioritize the problems
-define the best solution
-implement the best solution
-monitor the results
-adjust the plan as necessary

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17
Q

act of directing, ordering, and or controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal, agency, or delegated authority

A

command

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18
Q

incident management personnel who report directly to the incident commander

A

command staff

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19
Q

incident management personnel who represent the major functional sections

A

general staff

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20
Q

organizational level having responsibility for a major functional area of incident management

A

section

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21
Q

organizational level having functional geographical responsibility for major segments of incident operations, organizationally located between section and division or group. identified by Roman numeral or functional area such as command or operations

A

branch

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22
Q

organizational level having responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area

A

division

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23
Q

organizational level equal to division having responsibility for a specified functional assignment at an incident, without regard to a specific geographical area

A

group

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24
Q

organizational level within the sections that fulfill specific support functions such as the resources, documentation, demobilization, and situation units within the planning section

A

unit

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25
Q

any combination of resources (engines, ladders, bulldozers) assembled for a specific mission or operational assignment

A

task force

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26
Q

set number of resources of the same type (engines, ladders, bulldozers) that have an established minimum number of personnel.

A

strike team

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27
Q

prior to arrival at a scene, some things you can verify immediately include

A
  • time of day
    -weather conditions
    -capabilities of your departments response
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28
Q

indicates that pyrolysis is occurring in areas adjacent to the main body of fire. the color indicates moisture and gases are being released from the product

A

white smoke

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29
Q

common in mid stage heating as moisture mixes with gases and carbon as pyrolysis increases. also common in mid to late stage heating. indication of burning wood

A

brown smoke

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30
Q

indicates a combination of mixing. it can be mid stage heating with white, brown, or black, or it can be when different smoke areas combine. it can indicate smoke production changes from mid-stage heating to high heat

A

gray smoke

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31
Q

contains high quantities of carbon particles and is also an indicator of the amount of ventilation available at the seat of fire. smoldering fires produce massive amounts of this

A

black smoke

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32
Q

refers to dense black smoke (fuel) that is ready to ignite, possibly at the vent point

A

black fire

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33
Q

Represents the amount of energy that an object can release at some point in the future

A

Potential energy

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34
Q

Potential energy available for release in the combustion process

A

Heat of combustion

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35
Q

The rate at which a fuel releases energy overtime depends on

A

-chemical composition
-arrangement
-density of fuel
-availability of oxygen for combustion

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36
Q

The energy that a moving object possesses

A

Kinetic energy

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37
Q

Types of energy

A

Chemical
Thermal
Mechanical
Electrical
Light
Nuclear
Sound

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38
Q

Energy is measured in

A

Joules

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39
Q

Reactions that emit energy as they occur

A

Exothermic reactions

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40
Q

Reactions that absorb energy as they occur

A

Endothermic reactions

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41
Q

Fire tetrahedron

A

Blue (top left)-reducing agent (fuel)
Green (top right)-oxidizing agent
Yellow (middle)-chemical chain reaction
Red (bottom)-heat

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42
Q

Most common form of ignition

A

Piloted ignition

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43
Q

Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors

A

Autoignition

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44
Q

Common sources of heat that result in the ignition of a fuel

A

Chemical, electrical, and mechanical

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45
Q

Most common source of heat in combustion reactions

A

Chemical energy

46
Q

The oxidation process almost always results in the production of

A

Thermal energy

47
Q

Arching

A

A high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium

48
Q

Sparking

A

When an electric arc occurs, luminous particles can form and splatter away from the point of arching

49
Q

3 things firefighters must know about liquid fuels and how they react with water

A

Solubility
Miscible
Polar solvents

50
Q

At normal ambient temperatures materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as

A

15 percent

51
Q

Flammable range of propane

A

2.1%-9.5%

52
Q

Flammable range of CO

A

12%-75%

53
Q

Flammable range of gasoline

A

1.4%-7.4%

54
Q

Flammable range of diesel

A

1.3%-6%

55
Q

Flammable range of ethanol

A

3.3%-19%

56
Q

This stage starts with ignition when three elements of the fire triangle come together and the combustion process begins. Fire is small

A

Incipient stage

57
Q

As the fire transitions from incipient to this stage, more of the initial fuel package becomes involved and the production of heat and smoke increases.

A

Growth stage

58
Q

This stage occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are burning at their peak heat release rate based on the available oxygen. The fire is consuming the maximum amount of oxygen it can

A

Fully developed stage

59
Q

As the fire consumes the available fuel or oxygen and the heat release rate begins to decline, the fire enters this stage. Fuel limited fires may self extinguish in this phase or reduce to smoldering fires. May enter the growth stage and become fully developed if more oxygen is introduced

A

Decay stage

60
Q

when flames reach ____ feet high the fire will enter the growth stage

A

2.5

61
Q

rapid fire development usually occurs during the ____ stage

A

growth

62
Q

as the mass and energy of the hot gas layer increases so does the

A

pressure

63
Q

an immediate indicator of flash over

A

the appearance of isolated flames in the hot gas layer

64
Q

the interface between the hot gas layer and cooler layer of air is commonly referred to as the

A

neutral plane

65
Q

rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage

A

flashover

66
Q

gas temperatures for flashover

A

1,100 degrees F

67
Q

significant indicator of flashover

A

roll over

68
Q

during flashover the volume of burning gases can increase from approximately ___ to ____ of the rooms upper volume to fill the rooms entire volume and extend out of any openings from the room

A

1/4 to 1/2

69
Q

four common elements of flashover

A

-transition in fire development
-rapidity
-compartment
-pyrolysis of all exposed fuel surfaces

70
Q

autoignition temp of CO

A

approximately 1,100 degrees F

71
Q

when a fire runs out of fuel or oxygen it is said to be in the ____ stage

A

decay

72
Q

firefighters can influence fire dynamics in a number of ways

A

-temperature reduction
-fuel removal
-oxygen exclusion/ flow path control
-chemical flame inhibition

73
Q

the total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area is referred to as the

A

fuel load

74
Q

pre incident survey information about structures that you need to consider

A

-types of building construction, materials, and age of construction
-code, zoning, and fire protection requirements
-condition and design of streets
-temporary road and weather conditions
-water supply concerns

75
Q

before a pre incident survey company officers should

A

-inform unit members in advance
-discuss the survey process
-list factors that should be considered during the survey
-assign duties if required

76
Q

Written or unwritten plan for the disposition of an incident, contains the overall strategic goals, tactical objectives, and support requirements for a given operational period during an incident

A

Incident action plan

77
Q

Common characteristics of the NIMS-ICS are

A

-common terminology
-modular organization
-common communication
-unified command structure
-incident action plan
-manageable span of control
-predesignated incident facilities
-comprehensive resource management
-personnel accountability

78
Q

The PAR system should indicate

A

-individuals assigned to each apparatus
-the names of people responding
-time of arrival
-assigned duty or unit
-time of release from scene

79
Q

When considering the foundation for your decision making process think about these four components

A

Facts, perceptions, and projections, and probabilities

80
Q

Facts about emergency incidents

A

-preincident survey of site
-knowledge of building construction and occupancy
-current time of day, day of week, and on scene observations
-knowledge of basic fire development

81
Q

According to the AHJ the arrival report may contain

A

-unit number and update of address if necessary
-brief description of the scene
-status of water supply
-establish command, command mode, and define the strategy

82
Q

A 360 degree report may include

A

-special considerations and hazards
-entrance and egress points
-intended initial actions and assignments for units
-requests for additional resources

83
Q

The quantity and movement of smoke will indicate factors including

A

-potential fuels involved and potential hazards to responders
-location and stage of the fire and its direction of travel

84
Q

Most common heated particles found in smoke

A

Tar, soot, and carbon

85
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Bubbling, boiling, chaotic

86
Q

Laminar flow

A

Smooth, straight. Predictable direction

87
Q

Indicators of heat

A

-blackened or crazed glass: indicates a fire in the room or nearby as hot smoke condenses on cooler windows
-blistered paint: indicates both temperature extreme and location of the neutral plane
-sudden heat buildup: indicates flashover conditions are present

88
Q

Acronym for during the incident size up

A

CARA (CAN, CAAN)
-Conditions: an assessment of interior conditions and visible indicators of each side and roof
-Actions: specific activities being performed by each crew inside and outside structure
-Resources: includes additional personnel, apparatus, equipment, ventilation, a second hoseline, or an exchange of personnel
-Air: refers to breathing air supply available for fire attack, salvage and overhaul

89
Q

A type of size up that should be employed to evaluate the potential of an occupant being alive within a structural fire environment

A

Occupant survival profile

90
Q

In conducting occupant survivability profiling, the IC asks the following questions

A
  1. Are occupants suspected of or known to be trapped?
  2. Is it reasonable to assume that the occupants are still alive?
91
Q

A system that optimizes the utilization of all available resources, personnel, procedures, and equipment in order to promote safety and improve operational efficiency

A

Crew resource management (CRM)

92
Q

CRM emphasizes the following topics

A

-communication
-situational awareness
-decision making
-teamwork
-barriers

93
Q

What should you assume in occupancies with large open areas?

A

Assume that there are exposed trusses supporting the roof structure

94
Q

The second concern of life safety is

A

Locating, stabilizing, protecting, and removing living victims from the hazardous area

95
Q

When is the fire considered under control?

A

When it is incapable of growing larger due to the control measures in place

96
Q

The IC’s command options will be based on

A

-how severe is the incident
-how rapidly it may develop
-how many resources are available

97
Q

Situations where mobile command may be used

A

-life safety
-offensive fire attacks
-any incident where the safety of firefighters is concerned
-further investigation is required by the company officer
-crew members need closer supervision due to being new

98
Q

The company officer should assume command using the following steps

A

-naming the incident
-give location of incident command post
-give initial report on conditions
-request additional resources as needed
-initiate use of tactical worksheet

99
Q

When transferring command the IC should brief the relieving officer on the following items

A

-incident status
-safety considerations
-goals and objectives listed in the IAP
-progress toward completion of tactical objectives
-deployment of assigned resources and their location in the hazard zone
-assessment of the need for additional resources

100
Q

General/ traditional search

A

Systematic approach in which the team can quickly and effectively search specific rooms or clusters of rooms. The team leader positions self in a fixed location to help keep the groups orientation within the structure while other members physically perform the search

101
Q

Wide area search

A

Used to conduct a search of a large complex area that is filled with smoke. These searches utilize specific search equipment and rope systems or techniques designed for use in large areas to prevent lost firefighters and provide a thorough search of the open areas

102
Q

Vent enter isolate search

A

Utilized when it is suspected or probable that a victim is present in a specific room or compartment within the structure and there is a direct access point to enter the room.

103
Q

VEIS should only be initiated following a ____ of a structure

A

360 degree size up

104
Q

Considerations for the IC when choosing a direct attack

A

-arrival conditions
-location, size, and extent of the fire
-available resources
-size of the structure
-structural features that may affect interior suppression
-ease of access to the burning fuels
-hose stream type and application
-potential flow paths within the structure

105
Q

Gas cooling is effective when faced with a ____ fire

A

Shielded

106
Q

An attempt to determine the cause and point of origin of the fire should be made ____ to overhaul

A

Prior

107
Q

Requesting additional personnel to replace initial assignment units is also known as

A

Fire detail

108
Q

Flow path

A

Connection between the inlet and outlet

109
Q

The following weather conditions can affect tactical ventilation

A

-wind
-temperature
-atmospheric pressure
-precipitation
-relative humidity

110
Q

Evacuation and ventilation can be more difficult at a high rise fire because of a phenomenon know as

A

Stack effect

Fire lieutenant (11 decks)

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