Bc Flashcards
First digit in sub classification
Fire resistance rating in hours of exterior bearing walls
Second digit in sub classification
Fire resistance rating of structural frames or columns and girders that support loads of more than one floor
Third digit in sub classification
Fire resistance rating of the floor construction
Type I (fire resistive) construction
Noncombustible structural components.
Type I bearing walls, columns, and beams fire resistance rating
2-4 hours
Type I floor construction fire resistance rating
2 or 3 hours
Type I roof deck and construction supporting the roof fire resistance rating
1-2 hours
Type I partitions separating occupants fire resistance rating
As specified by local building codes
Type I interior partitions enclosing stairwells and corridors fire resistance rating
Specified by local code, usually 1 or 2 hours
Type II-A (protected)
Requires that structural components have a 1 hour fire resistance
Type II B (unprotected)
Allows structural components to remain unprotected. The use of unprotected steel is the most common characteristic of unprotected, noncombustible construction
Type III exterior protected/ ordinary
Frequently constructed with exterior walls of masonry, or any combustible material with the required fire resistance rating can be used.
Type III interior structural components that are permitted to be wholly or partially combustible include
-walls
-columns
-beams
-floors
-roofs
A fundamental fire concern with type III construction
The combustible concealed spaces that are created between floor and ceiling joists and between studs in partition walls when they are covered with interior finish materials
Type III dimensions for floor joists
2”x10”
Type IV heavy timber or mill
The beams, columns, floors, and roofs are made of solid or laminated wood with dimensions greater than in type III. Concealed spaces are not permitted between structural components.
Type IV construction dimensions
Not less than 6”x10” for floors and beams, internal support columns are not less than 8”x8”
Type V wood frame
All major structural components are permitted to be of combustible construction. Many are required to have a 1-hour fire resistance rating for structural components
Fundamental problem with type V construction
Is the presence of extensive concealed voids
Nonreinforced masonry walls are usually limited to a maximum height of
6 stories
Most common method of supporting loads over openings in masonry walls
Lintels, followed by arches
If a single care hoistway is used access doors will be provided for rescue purposes and placed every
3 floors
When more than one hoistway is provided up to how many elevators are located in 1 hoistway
Four elevators
Fire doors are rated in increments of time from
20 minutes to 4 hours
When are 1/2 hour and 1/3 hour fire doors primarily used
Smoke barriers and openings to corridors
Class A fire doors
Openings in fire walls
Class B fire doors
Openings in vertical shafts and openings in 2-hour rated partitions
Class C fire doors
Openings between rooms and corridors having a fire resistance of 1-hour or less
Class D fire doors
Openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from the outside of a building
Class E fire doors
Openings in exterior walls subject to moderate or light exposure from the outside
Curtain walls functions
-Resist environmental loads
-control heat loss
-limit noise transmission
-limit solar radiation
Fire resistance rating of enclosure walls
One or two hours. 4 stories or less 1 hour rated enclosure. Taller than 4 stories 2 hour rated enclosure
How many pounds per square foot must a freestanding wall resist of a lateral load
5
Range in inches of a parapet wall above a combustible roof
18”-36”
Water supply
Sewers
Surveying
Site prep and excavation
Roadways
Storm water drainage
Civil engineering
Determination of loads
Foundation design
Structural behavior
Structural members
Structural erections
Structural engineering
HVAC
Pumping systems
Elevators
Plumbing systems
Mechanical engineering
Lighting
Power
Communications
Electrical engineering
Automatic sprinklers
Standpipes
Fire alarm
Smoke control
Building code compliance
Fire protection engineering
Final consideration in building design process
Landscaping
Area of refuge may not be required in buildings equipped with
An automatic sprinkler system
Areas of refuge
-stairway landings in a smoke proof enclosure
-balcony located adjacent to an exterior stair
-protected vestibule adjacent to an exit enclosure
First line of defense in many buildings
Automatic sprinkler system
A primary hazard of green design is
The tendency of components to increase the combustibility of the overall building
Buildings designed for a specific use
-grain silos
-aircraft hangars
-fire stations
-movie theaters
Before a fire, loss management activities will
-minimize risk present in specific occupancy classifications
-identify violations or vulnerabilities in business practices/ behaviors
During and after a fire, loss management activities
-minimize damage to the structure, exposures, and contents
-eliminate the chance that a fire will reignite in the structure
-reduce the amount of time needed to repair and reopen the business
-create goodwill for the fire department within the community
-minimize financial loss for the owner, occupant, insurance company, and the community
Spec building examples
Office plazas
Shopping malls
Light industrial buildings
Condos
Heat transfer methods
Convection
Thermal radiation
Passive fire barriers
-self supporting barrier walls between fire building and exposure
-blank walls of non combustible construction
-parapets on exterior masonry walls
-glass block panels in openings
-wired glass in steel sash windows
Active fire barriers
-automatic fire shutters or dampers
-automatic fire doors
Offensive fire strategies address
-life hazards
-structural stability
-risk benefit outweighs risk
Defensive fire strategies address
-volume of fire
-structural deterioration
-risk outweighs benefit
-structural conditions
Fire load
The product of the weight of the combustible multiplied by their heat of combustion, expressed in pounds per square.
Fire resistant describes several properties of material including
-combustibility
-thermal conductivity
-chemical composition
-density
-dimensions
Only test method currently universally accepted by building codes
E-119 test
Most commonly used method of satisfying building code requirements for structural fire resistance
Nfpa 251
Tension
Pulls material apart, tensile strength
Compression
Squeezes the material, compressive stress
Shear
Slides one plane of a material past an adjacent plane
Has high compressive strength but low tensile strength
Concrete
The total stresses within structural members must be ____ than the failure point for the structure to remain intact
Lower
Steady or applied gradually
Static loads
Involve motion and are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involved
Dynamic loads
How many pounds of water flowing at 250 gallons per minute
2,080 pounds of water per minute
3 inches of water adds a static load of _____
21 pounds per square foot
Effects of winds
-direct pressure
-drag
-negative pressure
-rocking
-vibration
-clean-off
Primary consideration when designing a building to withstand wind forces
Direct pressure
Common locations where walls may be insufficiently braced
Construction sites
Demolition sites
Fire-damaged buildings
Expected life span of a building
50 years
Most significant forces generated by an earthquake
Lateral loads that create horizontal motion
The pressure exerted by the soil against the foundation
Active soil pressure
The force of the foundation against the soil
Passive soil pressure
Supported beneath both ends and free to rotate. A wood joist resting on a masonry wall is an example.
Simply supported beam
Rigidly supported at both ends. Under fire conditions it may retain its load bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam.
Restrained beams
Supported at one end, must be able to support a vertical load in addition to resisting bending stress.
Cantilever beams
Similar to cantilever beams but with additional support
Overhanging beams
May span several vertical supports
Continuous beams
The top flange of the beam carries _____ stresses, and the bottom flange of the beam carries _____ stresses
Compressive / tensile
Structural members designed to support an axial load
Columns
Primary stresses created within a column
Compressive
Arch stresses
Compressive interior stresses
Top and bottom members of trusses
Chords
Middle section of trusses
Web or diagonals
Typical truss span
22-70 feet, modern construction may exceed 100 feet
Used for floor and roof construction in fire resistive and non combustible construction
Bar joists (light weight steel trusses)
Three dimensional trusses
Space frames
Steel stud wall stud placement
12-16 inches
Convenience stairs
Not part of egress, are open and connect only two levels per code limitations.
Buildings that are four or more stories in height may be required to include one stairway that extends to the roof for access to
Mechanical equipment and is identified by signage in the stairway
Tread, riser referred to as
Run and rise
Extend in one direction for their entire length
Straight run stairs
Have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point. May have more than one landing where the height between floors is greater than normal
Return stairs
Are two separate sets of stairs constructed in a common shaft. Cheaper and more space efficient than two separate enclosures.
Scissor stairs
Often use a pair of return stairs for assembly occupancies that have large floor to ceiling heights.
Scissor stairs
Buildings that often include scissor stairs
Airport terminals
Convention centers
Malls
Cinema complexes
Are often found as grand stairs or convenience stairs serving only two levels. Min8mum width run is usually 10 inches.
Circular stairs
Consist of a series of steps spiraling around a single column to fit in a very small space. Used in residential primarily but also can be used in confined spaces such as a dry well in a sewage pumping station
Spiral stairs
Are actually ladders used to provide access to an attic space that does not have a permanent access stair. Added after construction to provide attic access
Folding stairs
Building codes have traditionally required a minimum of one smokeproof stair enclosure for stairs serving buildings
Five stories or higher, and more recently codes also require protection for stairs serving floor levels more than 30 feet below the level of exit discharge
Types of smoke control smoke-proof stair enclosures use
Active or passive smoke control
Uses moving mechanical or electrical parts that work as a system and require a power source for operation
Active fire protection
Does not require any system activation or movement. Relies on building construction and materials to contain fire or products of combustion.
Passive fire protection
primary safety hazard at conveyer penetrations during a fire
incomplete door or shutter closure
esclaltor speed
100 feet per minute, old ones at 90 or 120 feet per minute
Vertical penetrations for escalators serving more than ____ must be protected
2 floors
Most common protection for vertical openings in escalators
Is to use closely spaced sprinklers and draft stops around the openings
Service elevators
Are passenger elevators also designed to carry freight
Elevators that Open via fluid forced under pressure into a cylinder containing a piston or ram, do not have breaks
Hydraulic elevators
Practical limit for hydraulic elevators
About six stories
Elevators that use a hoisting cable and drum
Electric elevators
4 common styles of elevators
-drum elevators, passenger use
-traction elevators, passenger use
-machine room less (MRL) elevators, passenger use
-dumbwaiters, cargo use
Most common type of elevator in buildings over six stories
Traction elevators
Hoistways in atriums are not required to be
Enclosed
Elevator hoist way enclosure fire rating
1 or 2 hour rating
A building with ____ or fewer elevators may contain all ____ in a single hoistway.
3
Four or more elevators must have a minimum of ____ separate hoistways
2
Where more than one hoistway is provided, up to _____ elevators may be located in one hoistway.
Four
Are used for express elevators that serve the upper elevator zones in tall buildings
Blind hoistways
If a single care hoistway is used, access doors will be provided for rescue every ____ floors
3
What type of elevator is a top exit provided on
Electric traction elevators
In a laundry chute sprinklers are required at
The top of the chute and in its termination room
A Pipe chase contains piping needed for services including
Hot and cold water
Drain lines
Steam
Hot and chilled hvac water
Sprinkler piping
Air filter using liquid adhesive may present a _____ hazard
Combustible liquid
Systems that use extensive ducting are of great interest to fire protection engineers and firefighters because disadvantages include
-pathways for communication of heat and smoke through a building
-penetrations of fire rated assemblies that can destroy integrity
-dedicated use of substantial amounts of space
hvac ducts enclosure fire rating for buildings less than 4 stories
1 hour
HVAC duct enclosure fire rating for buildings 4 stories or greater
2 hour
Hurricane glazing
Hvac systems may be used in a smoke control capacity
Systems that can signal hvac controls to transfer to smoke control mode
-smoke detectors
-heat detectors
-sprinkler water flow switches
Manual hvac smoke control should take ____ over the automatic control
Priority
The advantages to manual smoke control include
Elimination of system disruption due to false alarms and more specific system control
Vent hatchways minimum size opening
4 feet in either direction
Depth of a draft curtain
Should not be less than 20 percent of the ceiling height
Draft curtain (curtain boards) spacing
Not farther apart than 8 times the ceiling height
Only style of smoke control for stairways
Smoke tower
Smoke towers require the following concessions
-location on the periphery of the floor plan
-dedicated floor space in the building
-corridor access to the stairwell
The single injection system
Uses a fan to supply air to a stairway at a single point
A limitation to a single injection system
If stairwell doors are opened at a point close to the air supply, all of the air pressure can flow directly out of the stairwell
Multiple injection systems
Use several discharge points along an air supply shaft running parallel to the stairwell for the supply fan
High voltage equipment voltage requirement
600 volts or higher
Low voltage equipment voltage
Less than 600 volts
Inside transformer rooms or vaults fire protection rating without sprinklers
3 hour
Inside transformers room or vaults fire protection rating with sprinklers
1 hour
Interior finishes can include
-plaster
-gypsum wallboard
-wood paneling
-ceiling tiles
-plastic
-fiberboard
-wall coverings (decorative furnishings)
Flame spread over a specific material can be measured and predicted in degrees known as the surface burning characteristics of the material when evaluating the following
-composition, orientation, and thickness of material
- ventilation
-shape and size of a compartment
-finish material on the ceiling or wall
The most sign factor that determines a fuels burn rate is the combination of the
Fuel and the available oxygen
Building codes usually exclude reference to surface treatments such as paint and wallpaper that are no thicker than
1/28 inch
Types of fire retardant coatings available include
-intumescent coatings
-mastics
-gas forming paints
-cementitious and mineral fiber coatings
The standard test used for measuring the surface burning characteristics of interior finishes is referred to as
ASTM E-84 (Steiner tunnel test, the tunnel test, ASTM E-84 UL 723)
Flame spread ratings over ____ are not permitted in occupancies
200
A measure of the relative visual obscurity in an area because of the smoke generated by a burning material
The smoke developed rating
Fire walls must have sufficient fire resistance and structural stability to serve as an absolute barrier to a fire and structural collapse on either side of the ____
Wall
Freestanding fire walls are usually found in what types of construction?
Type III and V
Freestanding walls must be designed to resist a lateral load of at least
5 pounds per square foot
Parapet wall height
18-36 inches
Enclosure walls fire rating
1 or 2 hours
Fire rating of enclosure walls in stairwells of buildings with four stories or lower
1 hour
Fire resistance rating of enclosure walls in stairwells of buildings greater than 4 stories
2 hours
Swinging fire door fire ratings
20 minutes to 3 hours
Most common application of fire rated glazing
Fire doors
Fire doors with ratings of 1-3 hours can have glass panels up to ____ square inches in area per door
100
Fire doors with a rating of 1/2 or 1/3 hour can have fire rated glass up to the maximum area to
Which they were tested
Fire doors with ratings of 3/4 hour can have total glass area
Consistent with their listing, below a stated maximum area
Louvers in a fire door must automatically close under fire conditions usually by which mechanism
Fusible link
Primary criterium and second criterium for acceptability of fire doors
- The fire door must remain securely in its frame during the flame test
- The fire door assembly must remain in place when subjected to a hose stream immediately following the fire test
Location of labels on fire doors that pass a testing process
-on the top
-or on the hinge side of the door
Information on labels or plates of fire doors that pass a testing process
-door type
-hourly rating
-identifying symbol of the testing laboratory
Test pit for soil test depths
8 feet
The use of a test pit permits the ____ layer of the soil to be observed and measured
Strata
Several factors that influence the type and depth of the foundation include
-soil condition at the site
-the type of building
-the buildings intended structure and contents
-lateral forces (seismic and wind)
-working space requirements
-influence on adjacent exposures
-building codes and regulations
Continuous strip of concrete that supports a wall
Wall footing
A square pad of concrete that supports a column, limited to a relatively small load
Column footings
Parallel structural beams (often steel), arranged in multiple layers at right angles to each other, and usually encased in concrete. Designed to transmit loads over a wider area than a column footing
Grillage footings
Monolithic floor
Footings with increased thickness of a floor slab at its edges
A thick slab beneath the entire area of a building. May be several feet thick and heavily reinforced
Mat slab foundation
The weight of the soil removed is equal to the weight of the building. Constructed in the same way as a mat slab foundation
Floating foundation
Are driven into the ground and support a load by transferring the load either through friction with the surrounding soil, or through contact with rock or other stable soil layer.
Piles
Are a system of upright posts mounted to wedge shaped concrete piers that transfer the weight of the structure to the ground
Post and pier foundations
Belled pier
When a pier is designed with a footing
Types of building movement
-settlement-downward movement
-heaving- upward movement
-lateral displacement- outward movement
Standard tensile strength of wood
About 700 psi
Joints that can be used to transmit tensile stresses
Scarf and finger joints
Laminated wood beam dimensions
3/4 - 2” thickness
3 - 75” depth
Lengths up to 100 feet
Strongest of the three structural composite lumber (SCL) products
Parallel strand lumber (PSL)
Thermoplastic composite lumber flame spread rating
80
Plywood dimension
4’x8’
Particle board max dimensions
8’x40’
Materials for fire stopping
-2 inch nominal lumber
-gypsum board
-cement fiber board
-batts or blankets of mineral wool, glass fiber, or other approved materials
Locations where fire stopping is required
-within stud walls at the ceiling and floor levels
-at the connection points between vertical stud wall spaces and horizontal spaces
-between stair stringers
-behind fascia and other architectural features
Brick or veneers must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of
16 inches
Type V-A construction
1 hour fire resistance
Type V-B
Wood frame unprotected
The thermal decomposition of wood and begins at a temperature somewhere below approximately ____ degrees F
392
Is the total amount of thermal energy that can be released if the fuel is completely burned
The heat of combustion of a fuel
Masonry supports ____ loads
Compressive
Hollow concrete blocks most common nominal dimensions
8x8x16 inches
Mortar is available in five basic types with compressive strengths ranging from
75 psi- 2,500 psi
Fire rating of walls constructed with fire rated concrete masonry units or bricks
2-4 hours or more
Nonreinforced masonry walls are usually limited to a maximum height of
Six stories
Angled cut made at the end of a wood joist or wood beam that rests in a masonry wall to allow the beam to fall away freely from the wall in case of failure of the beam
Fire cut
The most common method of supporting loads over openings in masonry walls
Lintel
Used to improve the aesthetics of an arch over an opening in masonry walls
Corbelling
A lintel beam is only required to support only the weight of a
Triangular section immediately above the lintel
Strongest points in a masonry structure
The corners of a building, stairwells, or elevator shafts
One potential problem with the use of tie rods is
That the steel rods can become heated under fire conditions and stretch, weakening the walls
The bearing platers used where repairs have been undertaken are likely to be
Less compatible with the architecture of the building
Not uniformly positioned on a wall
Found in conjunction with other repairs
One inherent disadvantage of steel is the tendency to rust when exposed to air and moisture. Ways steel can be protected from the formation of rust include
-painting the surface with a rust inhibiting paint
-coating the material with zinc and aluminum
-adding alloy elements that resist rust
One common structural steel
ASTM A36
Steel alloys with higher yield points have ____ ductility
Less
The amount of expansion for slender steel members such as beams and columns can be determined through a property known as
The linear coefficient of thermal expansion
An un restrained steel beam 20 feet long can expand ____ pushing at lateral constraints
1.4 inches
Characteristic of steel most significant to the fire service
The deterioration of steel strength at elevated temperatures
The speed of steel failure depends on several factors including
-type of steel
-mass of the steel members
-load supported by the steel
-type of connections used to join the steel members
-intensity of exposing fire
Steel density
490 pounds per cubic feet
Temperature hot enough to weaken steel to its yield point
1,200 degrees F
Fire resistance of a steel column encased in 3 inches of concrete with a siliceous aggregate
Four hours
Spray applied fire resistive materials thickness
7/8- 1 7/8 inches to produce fire resistive ratings of one to four hours
Cementious materials density range
15-50 lb/ft3
Water in gypsum board turns to steam upon exposure to fire and in doing so absorbs the heat
Calcination
When heated intumescent coatings will expand to
Fifteen to thirty times its original volume
Intumescent coatings thickness
0.03 to 0.4 inches
A commonly used method of protecting a steel floor or roof assembly is the
Membrane ceiling
Most common method of membrane ceilings
To use mineral tiles in a steel framework suspended by wires
The basic method by which steel is used in the design of buildings is
The construction of a structural framework that supports the floors, roof, and exterior walls
A ____ should be continuous from the foundation of a building to the highest story at which it is needed
Shear wall
Open web joists dimensions
Available with depths up to 6 feet and span up to 144 feet. More frequently found with depths less than 2 feet and spans of 40 feet
When round bars are used for diagonal members the open web truss is known as a
Bar joist
Three dimensional steel space frames
Delta trusses
Columns used for structural support in buildings should not have a slenderness ratio greater than ____
120
Columns that are erected so they cannot rotate at their ends have fewer tendencies to ____ than columns that are free to rotate at their ends
Buckle
Minimum lightweight concrete thickness of floors on open web joists
2 inches
Light gauge steel joists dimensions
Depths of 6 to 12 inches
Can be spaced 16 to 48 inches apart
The strongest part of the frame in gabled rigid frame structures
The knee joint between the roof and the wall
The following three connection types increase the mass at the point of connection to make it the last item to fail within a structural system
Rigid connections
Gabled rigid frame structures
Steel connections
The primary advantages of concrete
-produced from locally available and low cost raw materials
-fundamentally non combustible
-performs well under mild to moderate fire conditions
-good insulating properties
The compressive strength of concrete
Can range from 2,500 to 6,000 psi
Primary forces in an arch
Compressive
Ordinary reinforcing of concrete
Uses steel bars placed in the formwork, and wet concrete is placed in the formwork around the bars
Why is cutting through reinforcing steel with a saw or torch dangerous in post tensioned concrete
Because the steel is not bonded to the concrete. The steel strands are stretched like giant rubber bands. If they are cut they are likely to spring out of the concrete
Uses steel strands stretched between anchors producing a tensile force in the steel. Concrete is then placed around the steel strands and allowed to harden. After the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the force applied to the steel strands is released
Pretensioned reinforcement concrete
Uses reinforcing steel cables that are not tensioned until after the concrete has hardened to a certain strength. The forces that are produced in the post-tensioning process remain locked in the steel for the life of the assembly
Post tensioning reinforcement concrete
Steel reinforcing cables and rods for prestressed concrete yield temperature
As low as 752 degrees F
Precast concrete
Placed in forms and cured at a plant away from the job site
Cast in place concrete
Is placed into forms at the building site as a wet mass and hardens in prepared forms
Cast in place concrete buildings have a structural advantage over
Precast buildings because the nature of the construction of cast in place provides an inherent continuity in intersecting members
Normal design strength of concrete is reached after _____ days
28
Concrete must be kept between theses temperatures when curing
Ideally between 50 and 70 degrees F
The fire resistance of concrete is affected by these variables
-concrete density
-concrete thickness
-concrete quality
-supported load
-depth of concrete over the reinforcing bars
Heat sink effect
When concrete retains heat and releases it slowly
Slab and beam concrete framing featuring concrete beams running in two directions is known as
Two way slab construction which is known as waffle construction
Solid slab concrete short spans up to
Approximately 30 feet
Tee slab concrete can be used for spans up to
120 feet
Low slope roofs slope
Up to 3/12, meaning for each 12 units of horizontal dimension the roof slopes up 3 units
Medium to high slope roofs have slopes of
4/12 to 12/12. A slope of 12/12 equates to a 45 degree angle
Common roof style that consists of two inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge
Gable roofs
A roof style that slopes in four directions and has a degree of slope similar to the gable roof
Hip roof
Roof that slope in two directions, but there will be a break in the slope on each side
Gambrel roofs
A roof that has a break in the slope of the roof on all four sides
Mansard roof
A mansard roof constructed with a flat deck is sometimes known as a
Modern mansard or deck roof
Roof style that slopes in two directions. Basically two shed roofs that meet at their low eaves
Butterfly roof
A roof style designed to provide light and ventilation. We’re once commonly used on factory buildings. A raised central section of the roof extends several feet above the surrounding roof surface
Monitor roof
A roof style also once commonly used on industrial buildings for light and ventilation
Sawtooth roofs
Is a special form of roof constructed from short pieces of material known as lamellas
Lamella arch
Lamella dimensions
Thickness from 2x8 inches to 3x16 inches
Lengths varying from 8 to 14 feet
Conventional roof framing components
Rafters
Ridge boards
Collar ties
Ceiling joists and rafter ties
Most common roof types with conventional framing
Shed
Gable
Hip
Gambrel
Mansard
Rafters can be spaced ____ inches apart
From 12 to 24
When fighting a fire in a building with structural truss components, the AHJ should consider prioritizing what type of fire operations
Defensive fire suppression operations
Most common type of trusses used for pitched roofs
Fink and Pratt
Materials used in arches
Masonry
Laminated wood
Steel
Roof deck
The portion of roof construction to which the roof covering or roll roofing material
Components of the roof deck
Sheathing
Roof planks or slabs
Purlins
Materials used in the construction of roofs decks include
Plywood
Wood planks
Corrugated steel
Precast gypsum or concrete planks
Poured gypsum
Poured concrete
Cement planks containing wood fiber
Corrugated steel for roof decks gauge ranges
29 gauge to 12 gauge
Vapor barrier use
To reduce the diffusion of interior moisture into the insulation layer
Use several overlapping layers of roofing felt saturated with a bituminous material that may be either tar or asphalt. Usually last 20 years
Built up roofs
Consists of a single membrane laid in sheets on the roof deck
Single ply membranes
Membranes that’s are useful for buildings with curved roof surfaces such as domes that would be difficult to cover with other materials
Fluid applied membranes
Shingles vs shakes
Shingles- thin tapered slabs of wood that are sawn from pieces of a tree trunk
Shakes- manually or machine split from the wood and are thicker than shingles
Slate
Produced from hard rock that has a tendency to split along one plane. Produced in smooth sheets as thin as 1/16 inches
Clay tile
Dense, hard, and non absorbent material and can be used for flat or curved tiles
Concrete tiles
Are made from Portland cement, aggregate, and water. Frequently made to like look clay tile, slate, or even wood in color and texture.
In order to be a third party listed product, roof materials are subject to six separate test procedures including
-intermittent flame exposure test
-burning brand test
-flying brand test
-rain test
-weathering test
-spread of flame test
Class A roof coverings
Class B roof coverings
Class C roof coverings
Class A- effective against a severe fire exposure
Class B- effective against a moderate fire exposure
Class C- effective against a light fire exposure
High rise building structural frame fire resistance
2 or 3 hours and 2 hours for floor construction
Fire rating for a fire command center in high rise buildings
1 hour
Phase I elevator operation can be triggered by
-activation of automatic smoke detectors
-activation of automatic sprinkler water flow alarms
-activation of manual keyed switch in the terminal floor lobby
Phase II elevator operation
Is designed to override the recall feature to permit firefighters to use the elevators after they arrive on scene. All new elevators must have phase II
Smoke proof enclosures are now required for buildings with levels more than ____ feet below the level of exit discharge
30
Air inflated or air supported structures have several limitations including
-limited to one story in height
-vulnerable to the forces of high winds
-the membrane used may be a limited combustible or non combustible material. If the material is limited combustible it is required to have a low flame spread and low smoke propagation
-cannot be used where fire rated construction is required
Atrium enclosure fire rating
1 hour fire rating or a combination of glass and automatic sprinklers
Smoke barrier fire rating for an area of refuge
1 hour
Piecemeal demolition
Performed with hand tools
Controlled collapse demolition
Performed with larger equipment (explosives, crane, hydraulic pusher arms, wire rope pulling)
Primary cause of subsidence
The removal of large amounts of underground water or oil over many years beneath built up areas
Primary fire hazard associated with type IV heavy timber construction
The relatively large amount of fuel present in structural supports. In addition the interior of the building may have traces of oils and residues from previous industrial use
IBC ten major occupancy classifications
Assembly group A
Business group B
Education group E
Factories group F
High hazards group H
Institutional Group I
Mercantile group M
Residential group R
Storage group s
Utility and miscellaneous group U
