Issues in Intelligence Testing Flashcards
______________________: This researcher (1927) proposed a general intellectual factor (g) and argued that performance on any cognitive task depends on g plus one or more specific factors (s) unique to the task.
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory.
Horn & Cattell (1966) distinguished between two primary cognitive abilities: _________________ (Gc) refers to acquired knowledge and skills, is affected by educational and cultural experiences, and includes reading and numerical skills and factual knowledge. _________________ (Gf) does not depend on specific instruction, is relatively culture-free, and enables an individual to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities.
- Crystallized intelligence
- Fluid intelligence
_______________________: Carroll (1997) distinguishes between 3 levels (or _________) of intelligence:
- Stratum III: General intelligence
- Stratum II: 8 broad abilities (e.g., general memory, fluid intelligence)
- Stratum I: Specific abilities linked to one of the Stratum II abilities.
- Caroll’s 3-Stratum Theory
- Strata
_____________________________________: McGrew (1997) combined elements of the Horn-Cattell and Carroll approaches; his model serves as the framework for the KABC-II and Woodcock-Johnson III. It distinguishes between 10 broad-stratum abilities and 70 narrow-stratum abilities, which link to the former. He acknowledges the existence of g, but it is ommitted from his theory.
McGrew’s Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities.
_________________________: This model (1967) distinguishes between convergent and divergent thinking. _________________ thinking relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgment and consideration of facts to derive the correct solution to a problem. ______________ thinking involves nonlogical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions.
- Guilford’s Convergent and Divergent Thinking
- Convergent
- Divergent
________________________: This theory (1999) defines “successful intelligence” as the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one’s goals and the goals of society and proposes that it is composed of three abilities - analytical, creative, and practical (Sternberg believes that latter two are typically neglected by traditional intelligence tests).
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory.
_________________________: This theorist (1988) developed a theory of multiple intelligences distinguishing between 8 types of cognitive ability (linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic).
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences.
The impact of heredity on intelligence can be expressed in terms of a ___________________, which indicates the proportion of variability in intelligence that is due to inherited factors.
Heretability estimate.
Zajonc’s (2001) ____________________ explains the firstborn child’s advantage in terms of the canging intellectual environment of the family; in contrast to younger siglings, firstborns do not initially have to share their parents’ attention, are exposed to more adult language, and are more likely to act as “tutors” for their brothers and sisters.
Confluence model.
_____________________: Refers to observations derived by the research of this investigator and others prior to 2000, finding that IQ scores consistently increased over the previous 70 years in the U.S. and other industrialized countries. This increase involved a gain of at least 3 IQ points per decade, and was apparently due primarily to increases in fluid intelligence.
Flynn Effect.
Bonus: After 2000, it has continued for individuals with IQs ranging from 70-109, but reversed for individuals with IQs of 110 and above.
Intelligence test scores become fairly consistent after about age ___, although some fluctuations in specific abilities are not uncommon.
7.
Horn proposed that crystallized intelligence increases until about age ___, but that fluid intelligence peaks in __________________ and later declines. Kauffman’s (1998) found that fluid intelligence began to decline rapidly in the mid-20s; this has been linked to age-related declines in working memory that have been attributed to declines in ___________________.
- 60
- Adolescence
- Processing speed
Although males and females do not differ significantly in terms of average performance on IQ tests, females do better than males on some measures of __________ (especially during school years), and are less likely to have a ______________. Males outperform females on measures of certain ________________ skills, with ___________ skills showing the largest gender gap.
- Verbal ability
- Reading disability
- Spatial and math
- Spatial
One consistent finding is that Whites tend to outperfom African Americans by about _________________________ on the Stanford-Binet, Wechsler tests, and other standard IQ tests with a corresponding gap on achievement tests.
One standard deviation.
__________ bias occurs when there is differential validity - i.e., when the validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups - and, as a consequence, the predictor is more accurate for one group than another. ____________ bias (or unfairness) occurs when the validity coefficients and criterioin performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ.
- Slope
- Intercept
