Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is holism

A

An argument or theory that proposes it only makes sense to study an indivisible system rather than its constituent parts.

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2
Q

What is reductionism

A

The belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts.

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3
Q

What is biological reductionism

A

It explains social and psychological behaviour at a lower biological level

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4
Q

What is environmental reductionism

A

It explains all behaviour in stimulus-response links.

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5
Q

What did Gestalt psychologists claim, that became the basis of holism

A

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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6
Q

What are levels of explanation

A

They suggest that there are different ways of viewing the same phenomena in psychology.

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7
Q

What are the different levels of explanation

A

Social and cultural, psychological, biological

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8
Q

What is gender bias

A

The tendency to treat one individual or group in a different way than others based on their gender.

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9
Q

What is universality

A

Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all.

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10
Q

What is alpha bias

A

Suggests that there are real, enduring differences between men and women, often undervaluing women.

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11
Q

What is beta bias

A

Ignoring or minimising differences between the sexes

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12
Q

What are women’s’ third option apart from fight or flight?

A

Tend and befriend, which is ignored due to beta bias

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13
Q

What is androcentrism

A

Male-centred, when behaviour is judged by male standards and female behaviour is abnormal.

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14
Q

What is cultural bias

A

Refers to a tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of one’s own culture.

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15
Q

What is ethnocentrism

A

Judging other cultures by the standard of one’s own culture.

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16
Q

What is cultural relativism

A

The idea that norms and values, as well as ethics and moral standards, can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts.

17
Q

What is an etic approach

A

Looks at behaviour from outside of a given culture and attempts to explain those behaviours as universal.

18
Q

What is an emic approach

A

Functions from within certain cultures and identifies those behaviours that are specific to that culture.

19
Q

What is the nature-nurture debate

A

Concerned with the extent to which aspects of behaviour are a product of inherited traits or acquired characteristics.

20
Q

What is nature

A

The idea that characteristics or aspects of knowledge are innate

21
Q

What is nurture

A

Based on environmental influences - there are different levels of nurture, defined in prenatal terms, for example the mothers physical and psychological state during pregnancy.

22
Q

What is heredity

A

The genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics from one generation to another.

23
Q

What is the interactionist approach

A

The idea that nature and nurture are linked to such an extent that it does not make sense to separate them.

24
Q

What is the diathesis stress model

A

Suggests that psychopathology is caused by a biological/genetic vulnerability which is only expressed when coupled with a trigger.

25
Q

What are epigenetics

A

Refers to a change in our genetic activity without changing our genetic code

26
Q

What is the idiographic approach

A
  • attempts to describe the nature of the individual
  • people are studied as unique entities, each with their own subjective experiences, motivations and values
27
Q

What is the idiographic approach usually associated with

A
  • methods that produce qualitative data, such as case studies, unstructured interviews, and other self-report methods
28
Q

What is the nomothetic approach

A
  • aims to produce general laws for behaviour
  • these provide a benchmark against which people can be compared, classified and measured
29
Q

Which side is the humanistic approach, idiographic or nomothetic?

A
  • idiographic, as Rogers and Maslow took a phenomenological approach to the study of humans and were only interested in documenting the conscious experience of the self
30
Q

Which side is the psychodynamic approach, idiographic or nomothetic?

A
  • idiographic, because of Freud’s use of the case study method. However, Freud also assumed he had found universal laws of behaviour, making it also nomothetic
31
Q

Are the biological, cognitive and behavioural approaches nomothetic or idiographic?

A

Nomothetic, as they promote general laws of psychology

32
Q

What are ethical implications

A

The impact that psychologists may have in terms of the rights of other people, especially participants.

33
Q

What is social sensitivity

A

Includes research in which there are potential consequences or implications, either directly for the participant in the research, or those that the research represents.

34
Q

What are ethical guidelines

A

Rules established to protect those involved in research, preserving their rights.

35
Q

Three main concerns of Sieber and Stanley

A
  • research may be seen as giving scientific credence to discrimination
  • findings may be used to create prejudicial public policy
  • some findings have been found to be fraudulent
36
Q

Four places Sieber and Stanley found in which ethical issues may occur:

A
  • the research question
  • conduct and treatment
  • institutional context
  • interpretation and application