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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is introspection ?

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basis structures of thought, images and sensations.

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2
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind, behaviour and experience.

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3
Q

Timeline of psychology:

A

17th century - 19th century: experimental philosophy
1879: Wundt’s lab
1900s: Freud
1913: John B. Watson
1950s: Humanistic Approach
1960s: Social Learning Theory
1980s: Biological approach
1990s: Cognitive Neuroscience

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4
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors.

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5
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement not directly experienced but occurs through someone else being reinforced for a behaviour.

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6
Q

What are mediational processes?

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.

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7
Q

What are the four mediational processes?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Production
  • Motivation
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8
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Focuses on how our mental processes affect behaviour.

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9
Q

What are internal mental processes?

A

Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.

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10
Q

What is a theoretical model?

A

An argument on how mental processes work, but it cannot be scientifically proved.

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11
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.

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12
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin mental processes.

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13
Q

How may cognitive neuroscience help the legal system?

A

May be able to analyse the brain wave patterns if eyewitnesses in court to see whether they are lying or not.

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14
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function.

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15
Q

How is the biological approach different to the cognitive approach?

A

BA looks at biological structures in contrast to the CA which sees mental processes and the physical brain as separate things.

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16
Q

What do behavioural geneticists study?

A

Whether behavioural characteristics such as intelligence, personality and mental disorders are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics.

17
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Someones entire genetic makeup.

18
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The way that genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics.

19
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations.

20
Q

How do neurons have an effect on behaviour?

A

Carry messages from one part of the body to another - many aspects of behaviour are under neural control.

21
Q

How does the cerebral cortex have an effect on behaviour?

A

Responsible for higher order functions, such as thoughts or language.

22
Q

How do neurotransmitters have an effect on behaviour.

A

Allow nerve impulses to travel across synapses between nerves - these allow certain behaviours, such as dopamine influencing happiness and motivation, and serotonin influencing stability.

23
Q

How do hormones have an effect on behaviour?

A

Secreted by glands and travel to target cells and exert their influences by stimulating receptors on the surface or inside of cells.

24
Q

What is science?

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigations. The aim is to discover general laws.

25
Q

How have PET and fMRI scans allowed research into cognitive processes?

A
  • Allowed research involving the location of different mental processes, so we can systematically observe and describe their neurological basis.
  • Established the neurological basis of mental disorders.

Psychology (10 decks)

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