ISSA Section 6: Fitness For All Flashcards
sedentary:
Characterized by much sitting and little physical activity that might produce significant fitness benefits.
infirmity:
Physical or mental weakness.
For our purposes, older adults will be divided into three categories:
. Category 1: 55-to-65-years-of-age. May participate in most moderate weight training routines, with only slight modifications (for joint problems, decreased ROM, and any cardiovascular abnormalities).
. Category 2: 65-to-80-years-of-age. Modify programs based on medical recommendations, ROM limitations, signs of fatigue, muscle weakness, and joint pain.
. Category 3: 80-years-of-age and above. Closely monitor, set low-exertion levels, and emphasize individual muscle group strength, overall posture, strength enhancement and avoiding injury.
coronary heart disease:
Atherosclerosis (a condition where the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery) of the coronary arteries.
arrhythmia:
Any abnormal rhythm of the heartbeat. Since some causes of arrhythmia may have serious health consequences, exerciserS experiencing irregular heartbeats should be referred for medical evaluation.
hypertension:
Persistent high blood pressure. Readings
as low as 140190 millimetres of mercury is considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities
myocarditis:
inflammation of the heart muscle.
thrombosis:
Local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system.
valvular heart disease:
Any disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left and the pulmonary and tricuspid valves on the right).
pacemaker:
An artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.
cyanotic congestive heart disease:
Refers to a group of many different heart defects that are present at birth that result in a low blood oxygen level.
Marfan Syndrome:
An inherited disorder that affects connective tissue.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):
A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
hypokalemia:
Deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream.
myxedema:
Swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with underactive thyroid glands
thyrotoxicosis:
Also known as hyperthyroidism. A condition resulting from excessive concentrations of thyroid hormones in the body.
Q-T syndrome:
A rare inherited or acquired heart condition in which delayed repolarization of the heart following a heartbeat increases the risk of episodes of torsades de pointes.
rehabilitation:
A branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities.
adaptive physical fitness (APF):
The development and implementing of carefully designed physical fitness programming for individuals with various disabilities, to provide those individuals with the skills necessary for a lifetime of increased health, recreation, motor functioning, etc. to enhance physical fitness and
general wellness.
psychomotor:
Of or relating to the origination of movement in conscious mental activity.
disuse syndrome:
Deterioration of body systems as a result of prescribed or unavoidable inactivity.
handicap:
A circumstance that makes progress or success difficult.
disability:
A physical or mental condition that limits an individual’s movements, senses, or activities.
impairment:
The state or fact of being impaired, especially in a specified faculty.
Osgood Schlatter’s disease:
Inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity. It is characterized by a painful lump just below the knee and is most often seen in young adolescents.
hypertension:
Persistent high blood pressure. Readings as low as 140/90 millimeters of mercury are considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities.
atherosclerosis:
A very common form of arteriosclerosis in which the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery.
stroke:
Occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
diabetes:
A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
insulin:
A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.
glucose:
Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.
Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent):
A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Type ll diabetes (noninsulin-dependent):
A chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body’s important source of fuel.
hyperglycemia:
An excess of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.
gangrene:
Localized death and decomposition of body tissue, resulting from either obstructed circulation or bacterial infection.
retinopathy:
The disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision.
anhidrosis:
A failure of the sweating mechanism.
arthritis:
inflammation of the joints which causes pain, stiffness, and limitation of motion. Maybe symptomatic of a systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, which can affect all age groups.
Lyme disease:
An inflammatory disease characterized at first by a rash, headache, fever, and chills, and later by possible arthritis and neurological and cardiac disorders caused by bacteria that are transmitted by ticks.
osteoarthritis:
A noninflammatory joint disease of older persons. The cartilage in the joint wears down and there is bone growth at the edges of the joints. Results in pain and stiffness, especially after prolonged exercise.
heart disease:
Generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain, or stroke.
stroke:
Occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
coronary heart disease:
Atherosclerosis (a condition where the arteries are narrowed by deposits of cholesterol and other material in the inner walls of the artery) of the coronary arteries.
hypertension:
Persistent high blood pressure. Readings as low as 140/90 millimetres of mercury are considered a threshold for high blood pressure by some authorities.
hypercholesterolemia:
An excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
phlebitis:
The inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs. It most commonly occurs in superficial veins. Phlebitis often occurs in coniunction with thrombosis and is then called “thrombophlebitis” or “superficial thrombophlebitis”
palpitations:
A perceived abnormality of the heartbeat characterized by awareness of heart muscle contractions in the chest: hard beats, fast beats, irregular beats, and pauses.
asthma:
A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and typically results from an allergic reaction to other forms of hypersensitivity.
bronchospasm:
Spasm of bronchial smooth muscle producing a narrowing of the bronchi.
hyperventilation:
A condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very quickly.
sports medicine:
An area of medical practice concerned with the treatment of iniuries resultinq from athletic activities.
intrinsic factors:
A glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B l 2 in the small intestine.
extrinsic factors:
Variables that you are unable to control to prevent yourself from an injury or ailment.
somatotype:
A category to which people are assigned according to the extent to which their bodily physique conforms to a basic type (usually endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic).
diathermy:
A medical and surgical technique involving the production of heat in a part of the body by high-frequency electric currents, to stimulate the circulation, relieve pain, destroy unhealthy tissue, or cause
bleeding vessels to clot.
electrostimulation:
Shocks of electricity administered in nonconvulsive doses.
cryotherapy:
The application of cold to body tissues for the purpose of pain relief and decreased swelling.
heat therapy:
The use of heat as a means of therapeutic modalities, such as for pain relief and health.
ultrasound:
Sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency, particularly as used in medical imaging.
hydrotherapy:
The use of water as a therapy.
cryokinetics:
A rehabilitation technique involving ice application followed by progressive active exercises.
leg elevation:
Elevation of the legs for recuperative purposes. For greatest effectiveness, elevate the legs for about 20 minutes, keeping them perpendicular to the floor while lying on the back.
inflammation:
Body’s local response to injury. Acute inflammation is characterized by pain, with heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Uncontrolled swelling may cause further damage to tissues at the injury site.
vertebral joint fixation:
A neurosurgical procedure in which two or more vertebrae are anchored to each other through a synthetic “vertebral fixation device,” with the aim of reducing vertebral mobility and thus avoiding possible damage to the spinal cord and/or spinal roots.
Impingement:
Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (a tendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.
strain:
Stretching or tearing of a musculotendinous unit.
Degrees of severity include firstdegree, stretching of the unit; second-degree, partial tearing of the unit; third-degree, comPlete disruption of the unit.
sprain:
Stretching or tearing of ligaments. Severity ratings of sprains are first-degree, stretching and partial tearing; second-degree: larger yet incomplete tearing; third-degree, complete tearing.
adhesive capsulitis:
Extreme stiffness or immobility in the shoulder joint, usually the following injury and caused by the adhesions in the joint and inflammation of the capsule of the humerus.
ROS (Repetltlve Overuse Syndrome):
Usually defined as work and/or activity related symptoms caused by repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression (impact on hard surfaces), sustained or awkward poses and excessive use of the body, and results from improper muscle balance around the joints.
aspirin therapy:
Oral, over-the-counter pain relievers (ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and Acetaminophen) may also help to reduce pain symptoms and even inflammation in the affected area. But due to the risk of side effects, it is not advised that they are taken for more than a few consecutive weeks.
corticosteroids:
A class of chemicals that include the steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
proliferative-injection therapy:
Treatment of tissue with the injection of an irritant solution into a joint space, weakened ligament or tendon insertion to relieve pain.
chondromalacia:
The degeneration of cartilage.
patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS):
Pain in the front of the knee that frequently occurs in teenagers, manual laborers, and athletes. lt sometimes is caused by wearing down, roughening, or softening of the cartilage under the kneecap.
locked knee:
A disorder of the knee joint that prevents the leg from being fully extended, usually resulting from damage to the semilunar cartilage.
crepitus:
A grating sound or the sensation produced by friction between the bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone.
Chain of Survival:
- Early Access
- Early CPR
- EarlyDefibrillation
- Early Advanced Care
The Primary Survey
Remembering the necessary steps of the primary survey is as easy as remembering your A, B, Cs. These initial steps of checking the (A) airway, (B) breathing, and (C) circulation (pulse), together with a check for major bleeding constitute the primary survey, which looks for life-threatening conditions!
Good Samaritan Law
The Good Samaritan Law has been adopted by many
states in America. The general approach of this kind of
statute is to exempt an individual from liability who is helping another in an emergency situation. Under these statutes, the helping person cannot be sued for additional injuries caused during the rescue attemPt even if it is less than perfect.
First Aid for bleeding is intended to:
- Stop the bleeding
- Prevent infection
- Prevent shock
Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding are:
. bruised, swollen, tender, or rigid abdomen
. bruises on chest or signs of fractured ribs
. blood in vomit
. wounds that have penetrated the chest
or abdomen
. bleeding from the rectum or vagina
. abnormal pulse and difficulty breathing
. cool, moist skin
IMPORTANT:
Once pressure is applied, keep it in place. If dressings
become soaked with blood, apply new dressings over the old dressings. The less a bleeding wound is disturbed, the easier it will be to stop the bleeding.
The RICE principle is what emergency medicine
professionals use to reduce the pain and inflammation
associated with an athletic injury, it stands for:
R: REST: Make sure the person is in a safe location,
keeping any movement to a minimum.
l: ICE: Apply ice or cold pack to the injured area. This
is usually done in 20-minute intervals for several hours
following the injury or until medical attention can be
received.
C: COMPRESSION: Wrap the injured area with
clothing or bandage, applying a fair amount of tension
to the affected body part.
E: ELEVATION: Elevate the injured body part above
the level of the heart. ln the case of an ankle, have the
person lie on their back and rest their foot up on a
chair or table.
Insulin Reaction (or insulin Shock)
This condition occurs when there is too much insulin in
the body. This condition rapidly reduces the level of sugar in the blood and brain cells suffer. Insulin reaction can be caused by taking too much medication, failing to eat, heavy exercise, and emotional factors.
