ISSA Section 3: Health and Physical Fitness Flashcards
two-joint-muscles:
Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.
prime mover (agonist):
Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist.
assistant mover:
The muscle that plays a secondary role in the prime mover involved.
co-contraction:
When both the agonist and antagonist undergo contraction.
stabilizer:
Muscle that steadiesor holds a body part in place
true synergy:
When a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.
neutralizer:
When a muscle contracts to counteract an undesirable action of another muscle.
frontal (coronal) plane:
Separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
transverse (horizontal)plane:
Separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.
dorsiflexion:
Turning upward of the foot or toes or of the hand or fingers.
plantarflexion:
Extension of the ankle, the pointing of the foot and toes.
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
abduction:
Movement of a body part away from the midline.
adduction:
Movement of a body part toward the midline.
rotation:
The circular movement of a body segment about a long axis.
supination:
Assuming a horizontal position facing upward. ln the case of the hand, it also means turning the palm to face forward. The opposite of pronation.
eversion:
Turning outward, as of the sole of the foot.
circumduction:
Movement of a part. e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction.
force:
The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change.
direction:
The way in which the force is applied.
point of application:
Where the force is applied to the body or implements being used.
the angle of pull:
The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long axis of the bone on which it pulls.
power:
The work done in a unit of time.
lnertia:
The tendency for an object to remain in its current state (in motion or at rest).
moving inertia:
An object that is in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by some outside force.
range of motion (ROM):
The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.
acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
velocity:
The speed of something in a given direction.
lever:
The rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum.
second-class lever:
A lever in which the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort.
torque:
The magnitude of twist around an axis of rotation (fulcrum).
centre of gravity:
The point in the body around which your weight is equally distributed.
line of gravity:
A vertical line straight down from the centreof gravity.
visual reference point:
A chosen point of focus to aid in stability and balance.
lordosis:
A spinal disorder in which the spine curves significantly inward at the lower back. Also called ‘Swayback.’
scorliosis:
A spinal disorder in which there is a sideways curve to the spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped.
muscular tonus:
A state of partial contraction present in a muscle in its passive state which, in skeletal muscles, aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart.
two-joint-muscles:
Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.
chondromalacia:
The degeneration of cartilage
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
antigravity muscles:
A hypothetical force by which a body of positive mass would repel a body of negative mass.
impingement:
Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (atendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.
strength:
1) Strength is the ability to contract the muscles with maximum force, given constraints stemming from the following: Structural/anatomical factors; Physiological/ biochemical factors; Psychoneural/psychosocial factors; External/environmental factors. 2) the ability to exert musculoskeletal force against an external object (such as a barbell, the ground, or an opponent).
lRM:
Maximum effort for one repetition of a weight training exercise. Also expressed as one’s “Max” or “one rep max.”
Iimit strength:
Absolute strength enhanced by hypnosis, electrotherapy, ergogenic substances of any form (including nutritional supplements or drugs), or other techniques. Such aids increase the potential for strength above.normal capacity.
eccentric strength:
The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in the downward phase of an exercise or movement.
static strength:
The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in a stationary position.
concentric strength:
A concentric contraction is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction.
absolute strength:
The amount of musculoskeletal force you can generate for one all-out effort. Developed through heavy weight training, typically involving above the 80-85% of maximum effort for each lift.
speed strength:
The ability of the neuromuscular system toproduce the greatest possible impulse in the shortest possible time. lt is defined in work divided by time, where work is defined as force x distance.
starting strength:
The ability to recruit as many motor units (MU’s) as possible instantaneously at the start of a movement.
explosive strength:
The ability to exert strength or force as rapidly as possible in a given action.
anaerobic strength:
Musculoskeletal force and energy production that does not require oxygen.
linear strength endurance:
Sustained all-out maximum effort over an extended period of time.
nonlinear strengthendurance:
The ability to perform an activity with exceeding explosiveness over and over for an extended period of time
aerobic strength:
Musculoskeletal force and energy production that requires oxygen.
general strength:
The quality of being physically strong.
specific Strength:
Limit strength obtained specific to the particular muscle groups that will be most involved in the performance of the events/ activities in which are to be performed.
Special Strength:
A specialized type of strength gained that is specific to a particular sport or activity skill/ event. Eg. Explosive Strength and Starting Strength for a Shot Putter.
strength curve:
A graphical representation of how the human body generates and applies force in a specific direction.
force:
The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change. Such as a push or a pull or lift.
Fmax:
An aspect of the strength curve that stands for force max. Fmax divided by Tmax is the definition of explosive strength.
Tmax:
The aspect of the strength curve that stands for time max. Measurement of how long it takes from the beginning of an upwards (concentric) movement to exert maximum force (Fmax).
functional strength:
A category of strength that can improve the ability to perform everyday tasks or sports skills, builds overall strength and balance and augmentsresistance to injury.
amortization phase:
Also known as the Transition Phase. One of three parts of a standard resistance training exercise, and represents the brief time between the concentric and eccentric phase of a movement.
ballistic stress:
Comnronly used by individuals to helpthem to develop and improve explosiveness and power in the body. This is achieved by accelerating and releasing.weight into free space.
ballistic movement:
Muscle contractions that exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time, they exhibit high firing rates, high force production, and very brief contraction times.