ISSA Section 2: Kinesiology and Biomechanics Flashcards
1
Q
kinesiology:
A
The science or study of movement, and the active and passive structures involved.
2
Q
biomechanics:
A
The study of the mechanical aspects ofphysical movement, such as torque, drag, and posture, that is used to enhance athletic technique
3
Q
stabilization:
A
The act of being stable or balanced.
4
Q
prime mover (agonist):
A
Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist.
5
Q
assistant mover:
A
The muscle that plays a secondary role in the prime mover involved.
6
Q
antagonist:
A
Something opposing or resisting the action of another.
7
Q
co-contraction:
A
When both the agonist and antagonist undergo contraction.
8
Q
stabilizer:
A
The muscle that steadies or holds a body part in place
9
Q
helping synergy:
A
When two muscles contract together to create one movement.
10
Q
true synergy:
A
When a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.
11
Q
neutralizer:
A
When a muscle contracts to counteract an undesirable action of another muscle.
12
Q
sagittal (anteroposterior)plane:
A
Separates the body into right and left sections.
13
Q
frontal (coronal) plane:
A
Separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
14
Q
transverse (horizontal)plane:
A
Separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.
15
Q
flexion:
A
A decrease in the angle between two body segments.
16
Q
dorsiflexion:
A
Turning upward of the foot or toes or of the hand or fingers.
17
Q
plantarflexion:
A
Extension of the ankle, the pointing of the foot and toes.
18
Q
extension:
A
An increase in the angle between two body segments, or the return from flexion.
19
Q
hyperextension:
A
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
20
Q
abduction:
A
Movement of a body part away from the midline.
21
Q
midline:
A
An imaginary longitudinal line that travelsdown the centre of the body.
22
Q
adduction:
A
Movement of a body part toward the midline.
23
Q
rotation:
A
The circular movement of a body segment about a long axis.
24
Q
pronation:
A
Assuming a facedown position. Of the hand, turning the palm backward or downward. Of the foot, lowering the inner (medial) side of the foot so as to flatten the arch. The opposite of suPination
25
supination:
Assuming a horizontal position facing upward. ln the case of the hand, it also means turning the palm to face forward. The opposite of pronation.
26
eversion:
Turning outward, as of the sole of the foot.
27
inversion:
Turning inward, as of the sole of the foot.
28
circumduction:
Movement of a part. e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction.
29
force:
The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change.
30
magnitude:
How much force is applied to the dumbbells, barbells, or machine handles.
31
direction:
The way in which the force is applied.
32
point of application:
Where the force is applied to the body or implements being used.
33
line of action (line of force):
An imaginary straight line drawn from the point of application of force through the direction of the force.
34
the angle of pull:
The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long axis of the bone on which it pulls.
35
work:
Force times distance. Measured in foot-pounds and similar units. Example: Lifting a 200-pound barbell 8 feet and lifting a 400-pound barbell 4 feet each require I,600 foot-pounds of work.
36
power:
The work done in a unit of time.
37
lnertia:
The tendency for an object to remain in its current state (in motion or at rest).
38
resting inertia:
An object is at rest, it will stay at rest unless acted upon by some outside force.
39
moving inertia:
An object that is in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by some outside force.
40
range of motion (ROM):
The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.
41
mass:
A body of coherent matter.
42
acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
43
velocity:
The speed of something in a given direction.
44
momentum:
The quantity of motion of a moving body measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
45
lever:
The rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum.
46
fulcrum:
The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.
47
first-class lever:
The fulcrum in the middle, the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance on the other.
48
second-class lever:
A lever in which the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort.
49
third-class lever:
A lever in which the effort is placed between the fulcrum and the load.
50
torque:
The magnitude of twist around an axis of rotation (fulcrum).
51
gravity:
The downward pulling force that creates resistance.
52
centre of gravity:
The point in the body around which your weight is equally distributed.
53
line of gravity:
A vertical line straight down from the centreof gravity.
54
kinesthesis:
The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or body limbs in space.
55
visual reference point:
A chosen point of focus to aid in stability and balance.
56
posture:
The way the body holds itself when sitting, standing, lying down, or moving.
57
lordosis:
A spinal disorder in which the spine curves significantly inward at the lower back. Also called 'Swayback.'
58
scorliosis:
A spinal disorder in which there is a sideways curve to the spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped.
59
kyphosis:
A spinal disorder which is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).
60
muscular tonus:
A state of partial contraction present in a muscle in its passive state which, in skeletal muscles, aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart.
61
intradiscal pressure:
Pressure present between vertebral disks.
62
ergonomics:
A science that deals with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely.
63
two-joint-muscles:
Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.
64
chondromalacia:
The degeneration of cartilage
65
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
66
antigravity muscles:
A hypothetical force by which a body of positive mass would repel a body of negative mass.
67
impingement:
Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (atendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.
68
strength:
1) Strength is the ability to contract the muscles with maximum force, given constraints stemming from the following: Structural/anatomical factors; Physiological/ biochemical factors; Psychoneural/psychosocial factors; External/environmental factors. 2) the ability to exert musculoskeletal force against an external object (such as a barbell, the ground, or an opponent).
69
lRM:
Maximum effort for one repetition of a weight training exercise. Also expressed as one's "Max" or "one rep max."
70
Iimit strength:
Absolute strength enhanced by hypnosis, electrotherapy, ergogenic substances of any form (including nutritional supplements or drugs), or other techniques. Such aids increase the potential for strength above.normal capacity.
71
eccentric strength:
The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in the downward phase of an exercise or movement.
72
static strength:
The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in a stationary position.
73
concentric strength:
A concentric contraction is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction.
74
absolute strength:
The amount of musculoskeletal force you can generate for one all-out effort. Developed through heavy weight training, typically involving above the 80-85% of maximum effort for each lift.
75
speed strength:
The ability of the neuromuscular system toproduce the greatest possible impulse in the shortest possible time. lt is defined in work divided by time, where work is defined as force x distance.
76
starting strength:
The ability to recruit as many motor units (MU's) as possible instantaneously at the start of a movement.
77
explosive strength:
The ability to exert strength or force as rapidly as possible in a given action.
78
anaerobic strength:
Musculoskeletal force and energy production that does not require oxygen.
79
linear strength endurance:
Sustained all-out maximum effort over an extended period of time.
80
nonlinear strengthendurance:
The ability to perform an activity with exceeding explosiveness over and over for an extended period of time
81
aerobic strength:
Musculoskeletal force and energy production that requires oxygen.
82
general strength:
The quality of being physically strong.
83
specific Strength:
Limit strength obtained specific to the particular muscle groups that will be most involved in the performance of the events/ activities in which are to be performed.
84
Special Strength:
A specialized type of strength gained that is specific to a particular sport or activity skill/ event. Eg. Explosive Strength and Starting Strength for a Shot Putter.
85
strength curve:
A graphical representation of how the human body generates and applies force in a specific direction.
86
force:
The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change. Such as a push or a pull or lift.
87
Fmax:
An aspect of the strength curve that stands for force max. Fmax divided by Tmax is the definition of explosive strength.
88
Tmax:
The aspect of the strength curve that stands for time max. Measurement of how long it takes from the beginning of an upwards (concentric) movement to exert maximum force (Fmax).
89
functional strength:
A category of strength that can improve the ability to perform everyday tasks or sports skills, builds overall strength and balance and augmentsresistance to injury.
90
amortization phase:
Also known as the Transition Phase. One of three parts of a standard resistance training exercise, and represents the brief time between the concentric and eccentric phase of a movement.
91
ballistic stress:
Comnronly used by individuals to helpthem to develop and improve explosiveness and power in the body. This is achieved by accelerating and releasing.weight into free space.
92
ballistic movement:
Muscle contractions that exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time, they exhibit high firing rates, high force production, and very brief contraction times.
93
plyometrics:
Exercises in which muscles exert maximum force in short intervals of time, with the goal of increasing both speed and power.
94
Compensatory accelerationtraining (CAT):
A weight lifting technique used to develop explosive strength whereby you accelerate the bar as leverage improves through the movement.
95
weight training:
Physical training that involves lifting weights.
96
periodization:
How one's training is broken down into discrete time periods called "macrocycles, mesocycles, and microcycles." Also known as "periodized training".
97
general adaptation syndrome (GAi) princIple:
A syndrome in which non-specific reactions of organisms to stress can be grouped into three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
98
supercompensatlon:
The post-training period during which the trairted function/parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.
99
fitness fatigue model:
At any time, preparedness is the difference between the positive effects of fitness and the negative effects of fatigue.
100
delayed onset musclesoreness (DOMS):
The pain and stiffness experienced in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.
101
flushing workout:
Cleansing a muscle of metabolic toxins by increasing the blood supply to it through exertion.
102
overreaching:
An accumulation of training and/ or non-training stress resulting in a short-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of overtraining in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several days to several weeks.
103
constant resistance:
Weight training technology wherein the weight you are lifting always remains the same, regardless of changing leverage throughout a given exercise movement, The standing example of constant resistance training is lifting a dumbbell or a barbell.
104
variable resistance:
Strength training equipment which can, through the use of elliptical cams and other such technology, vary the amount of weight being lifted to match the strength curve for a particular exercise. Nautilus machines, for example, provide this feature.
105
overload principle:
States that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place.
106
accommodating resistance:
A weight training machine which, through the use of air, fluid or clutch plates in tandem with a flywheel, controls the speed with which you are able to move. By controlling speed, the exertion you are able to deliver is always at maximum throughout the entire range of motion of an exercise. This technology is very useful during rehabilitation, when injuries are present, and also in sports training for speed-strength.
107
static contraction:
A type of training that focuses on a way of developing the most muscle mass and strength through the smallest amount of motion and time in the gym.
108
isometric exercise:
A type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction.
109
resistance bands:
An elastic band used for strength training. They are also commonly used in physical therapy, specifically by convalescents of muscular injuries.
110
callisthenics:
A system of exercise movements, withoutequipment, for the building of the strength, flexibility, and physical grace. The Creeks formed the word from "Kalos" (beautiful) and "sthenos" (strength).
111
power rods:
Resistance technology using rods that bend or twist.
112
unstable surface training:
A training method in which unstable surfaces are used to enhance general balance and contraction potential throughout the body.
113
supinated grip:
Grip in which the palm is facing upwards toward the ceiling.
114
pronated grip:
Grip in which the hand(s) or forearm(s) are rotated so that the palm faces down or back.
115
neutral grip:
Grip wherein the palms face each other.
116
alternated grip:
A grip in which one hand grasps a weight bar with a supinated grip while the other hand simultaneously uses a pronated grip.
117
hook grip:
A method of holding a barbell by gripping the thumb between the barbell and the remaining fingers.
118
open grip:
A grip position in which the thumb does not wrap around the bar.
119
closed grip:
A grip position in which the hand wraps fully around the bar.
120
cardiovascular fitness:
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement.
121
high-density lipoprotein (HDL):
A type of lipoprotein that seems to provide protection against the buildup of atherosclerotic fat deposits in the arteries. Exercise seems to increase the HDL fraction of total cholesterol. HDL contains high levels of protein and low levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. See also lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein.
122
aerobe fitness:
The capacity to take in, transport, and utilize oxygen.
123
aerobic exercise:
moderate physical activity that places demands on the oxygen-using pathways that supply blood to your working muscles.
124
aerobic strength endurance:
Force produced footfall-per footfall (or movement-per movement) in the face of massive oxygen debt, such as that incurred in long distance training or competition.
125
aerobic training:
Exercising aerobically in order to improve your level of aerobic fitness.
126
oxygen deficit:
Occurs as you begin to exercise when your intake of oxygen does not immediately meet your demands.
127
steady-state:
When oxygen intake meets the body's demands during exercise.
128
oxygen debt:
Inspired oxygen during the recovery phase from an exercise that is in excess of the body's resting needs
129
maximal oxygenconsumption (VO2, max):
The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable over a period of time.
130
aerobic power:
The most popular way to express aerobic fitness. To eliminate the influence of body size, an individual's maximal oxygen consumption score (in litres) is divided by the individual's body weight (in kilograms).
131
aerobic training threshold:
The minimum level of intensity (heart rate) that must be exceeded if significant changes in aerobic fitness are to result from the training.
132
anaerobic threshold:
The upper limit of training intensity beyond which additional training does not have a positive effect on your aerobic fitness level.
133
aerobic training zone:
The range of training intensity that will produce improvement in your level of aerobic fitness.
134
aerobic training effect:
The adjustments your body makes to the aerobic demands that are placed upon it.
135
the specificity of training:
The fact that the effects of training are specific to the manner in which the training is conducted and the activity employed as a training stimulus.
136
aerobic overtraining:
Refers to the fact that more is not automatically better when it comes to exercise.
137
exercise intensity:
How hard one is exercising.
138
MET:
A unit of measurement that refers to the relative energy demands of activity in comparison to your energy demands in a resting state.
139
watt:
A unit of measure of power
140
relative work intensity:
Refers to the fact that work (exercise) is rated by the ratio of the energy required for the work to your resting (or basal) requirement.
141
exercise duration: Refers to how long one exercises.
exercise frequency: How often one exercise.
142
aerobic exercise prescription:
The referral of individuals to specific aerobic exercise programs that include specified protocol based on pre-activity assessments and evaluations and the individual's specific Goal(s).
143
training zone:
Defined zones, typically based on heart rate, that determine at what level of intensity an individual.
144
battle ropes:
Supersized ropes that are typically heavy and long, which are used as a training tool for individuals by using them in motions such as waving, slamming, whipping, etc.
145
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC):
A measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended toerase the body's oxygen deficit.
146
proprioceptive feedback:
Relating to stimuli that are produced and perceived within an organism, especially those connected with the position and movement of the body.
147
cross-training:
Refers to a style of training in which individuals engage in various types of sports or exercises in order to gain a well-rounded health and muscular development.
148
compound exercises:
Exercises that engage two or more different joints to fully stimulate entire muscle groups and multiple muscles.
149
flexibility:
The range of motion around a joint.
150
range of motion (ROM):
The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.
151
actin:
Long, thin contractile filaments.
152
myosin:
Short, thick contractile filaments.
153
Z-Iines:
Any of the dark bands across a striated muscle fiber that mark the junction of actin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres.
154
sarcomere:
A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band.
155
sarcoplasmic reticulum:
The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle and skeletal striated muscle that functions especially as a storage and release area for calcium.
156
sarcolemma:
The fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles.
157
endomysium:
A wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre, or muscle cell).
158
proprioceptors:
Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.
159
Golgi tendon organ:
Proprioceptors located at the junction of muscles and tendons that pick up messages of excess stress on the muscle and cause the brain to shut off muscle contraction.
160
Pacinian corpuscles:
An encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration.
161
muscle spindle:
Sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle.
162
goniometer:
An instrument for the precise measurement of
angles, especially one used to
measure the angles between the
faces of crystals.
163
Pulley System
Another muscular-structural arrangement is the pulley. Pulleys are very common in exercise machines-such as in the lat pull-downs-to create a greater mechanical advantage and to move the limbs freely.
164
Wheel and axle
Wheel and axle-like arrangements in the body are needed for the transmission of force. A good illustration of this arrangement is shoulder joint medial and lateral rotation.
165
Pushing:
In some compound (multi-joint) exercises, rather than solely using a rotary component to move the weight, you use a push pattern in which the hands or feet move in a straight line.
166
Pulling:
Pulling is the opposite of pushing. The hands or feet move in a straight line while two or more joints are in rotary action. For example, in the seated row, your body is stable and your hands move in a straight line as you pull them in toward the body.
167
Benefits of good posture:
Good posture is important to health. It is needed in order to keep the organs in place and to allow them to work efficiently and effectively.
168
Spine:
The spine is the keystone of body structure. It must support the weight of the head, trunk, and upper extremities.
