ISSA Section 2: Kinesiology and Biomechanics Flashcards
kinesiology:
The science or study of movement, and the active and passive structures involved.
biomechanics:
The study of the mechanical aspects ofphysical movement, such as torque, drag, and posture, that is used to enhance athletic technique
stabilization:
The act of being stable or balanced.
prime mover (agonist):
Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist.
assistant mover:
The muscle that plays a secondary role in the prime mover involved.
antagonist:
Something opposing or resisting the action of another.
co-contraction:
When both the agonist and antagonist undergo contraction.
stabilizer:
The muscle that steadies or holds a body part in place
helping synergy:
When two muscles contract together to create one movement.
true synergy:
When a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.
neutralizer:
When a muscle contracts to counteract an undesirable action of another muscle.
sagittal (anteroposterior)plane:
Separates the body into right and left sections.
frontal (coronal) plane:
Separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
transverse (horizontal)plane:
Separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.
flexion:
A decrease in the angle between two body segments.
dorsiflexion:
Turning upward of the foot or toes or of the hand or fingers.
plantarflexion:
Extension of the ankle, the pointing of the foot and toes.
extension:
An increase in the angle between two body segments, or the return from flexion.
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
abduction:
Movement of a body part away from the midline.
midline:
An imaginary longitudinal line that travelsdown the centre of the body.
adduction:
Movement of a body part toward the midline.
rotation:
The circular movement of a body segment about a long axis.
pronation:
Assuming a facedown position. Of the hand, turning the palm backward or downward. Of the foot, lowering the inner (medial) side of the foot so as to flatten the arch. The opposite of suPination
supination:
Assuming a horizontal position facing upward. ln the case of the hand, it also means turning the palm to face forward. The opposite of pronation.
eversion:
Turning outward, as of the sole of the foot.
inversion:
Turning inward, as of the sole of the foot.
circumduction:
Movement of a part. e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction.
force:
The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change.
magnitude:
How much force is applied to the dumbbells, barbells, or machine handles.
direction:
The way in which the force is applied.
point of application:
Where the force is applied to the body or implements being used.
line of action (line of force):
An imaginary straight line drawn from the point of application of force through the direction of the force.
the angle of pull:
The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long axis of the bone on which it pulls.
work:
Force times distance. Measured in foot-pounds and similar units. Example: Lifting a 200-pound barbell 8 feet and lifting a 400-pound barbell 4 feet each require I,600 foot-pounds of work.
power:
The work done in a unit of time.
lnertia:
The tendency for an object to remain in its current state (in motion or at rest).
resting inertia:
An object is at rest, it will stay at rest unless acted upon by some outside force.
moving inertia:
An object that is in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by some outside force.
range of motion (ROM):
The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.
mass:
A body of coherent matter.
acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
velocity:
The speed of something in a given direction.
momentum:
The quantity of motion of a moving body measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
lever:
The rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum.
fulcrum:
The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.
first-class lever:
The fulcrum in the middle, the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance on the other.
second-class lever:
A lever in which the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort.
third-class lever:
A lever in which the effort is placed between the fulcrum and the load.
torque:
The magnitude of twist around an axis of rotation (fulcrum).
gravity:
The downward pulling force that creates resistance.
centre of gravity:
The point in the body around which your weight is equally distributed.
line of gravity:
A vertical line straight down from the centreof gravity.
kinesthesis:
The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or body limbs in space.
visual reference point:
A chosen point of focus to aid in stability and balance.
posture:
The way the body holds itself when sitting, standing, lying down, or moving.
lordosis:
A spinal disorder in which the spine curves significantly inward at the lower back. Also called ‘Swayback.’
scorliosis:
A spinal disorder in which there is a sideways curve to the spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped.
kyphosis:
A spinal disorder which is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).
muscular tonus:
A state of partial contraction present in a muscle in its passive state which, in skeletal muscles, aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart.
intradiscal pressure:
Pressure present between vertebral disks.
ergonomics:
A science that deals with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely.
two-joint-muscles:
Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.
chondromalacia:
The degeneration of cartilage
hyperextension:
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
antigravity muscles:
A hypothetical force by which a body of positive mass would repel a body of negative mass.
impingement:
Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (atendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.