ISSA Section 2: Kinesiology and Biomechanics

Question 1

kinesiology:

Answer 1

The science or study of movement, and the active and passive structures involved.

Question 2

biomechanics:

Answer 2

The study of the mechanical aspects ofphysical movement, such as torque, drag, and posture, that is used to enhance athletic technique

Question 3

stabilization:

Answer 3

The act of being stable or balanced.

Question 4

prime mover (agonist):

Answer 4

Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist.

Question 5

assistant mover:

Answer 5

The muscle that plays a secondary role in the prime mover involved.

Question 6

antagonist:

Answer 6

Something opposing or resisting the action of another.

Question 7

co-contraction:

Answer 7

When both the agonist and antagonist undergo contraction.

Question 8

stabilizer:

Answer 8

The muscle that steadies or holds a body part in place

Question 9

helping synergy:

Answer 9

When two muscles contract together to create one movement.

Question 10

true synergy:

Answer 10

When a muscle contracts to stop the secondary action of another muscle.

Question 11

neutralizer:

Answer 11

When a muscle contracts to counteract an undesirable action of another muscle.

Question 12

sagittal (anteroposterior)plane:

Answer 12

Separates the body into right and left sections.

Question 13

frontal (coronal) plane:

Answer 13

Separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Question 14

transverse (horizontal)plane:

Answer 14

Separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.

Question 15

flexion:

Answer 15

A decrease in the angle between two body segments.

Question 16

dorsiflexion:

Answer 16

Turning upward of the foot or toes or of the hand or fingers.

Question 17

plantarflexion:

Answer 17

Extension of the ankle, the pointing of the foot and toes.

Question 18

extension:

Answer 18

An increase in the angle between two body segments, or the return from flexion.

Question 19

hyperextension:

Answer 19

Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.

Question 20

abduction:

Answer 20

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Question 21

midline:

Answer 21

An imaginary longitudinal line that travelsdown the centre of the body.

Question 22

adduction:

Answer 22

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Question 23

rotation:

Answer 23

The circular movement of a body segment about a long axis.

Question 24

pronation:

Answer 24

Assuming a facedown position. Of the hand, turning the palm backward or downward. Of the foot, lowering the inner (medial) side of the foot so as to flatten the arch. The opposite of suPination

Question 25

supination:

Answer 25

Assuming a horizontal position facing upward. ln the case of the hand, it also means turning the palm to face forward. The opposite of pronation.

Question 26

eversion:

Answer 26

Turning outward, as of the sole of the foot.

Question 27

inversion:

Answer 27

Turning inward, as of the sole of the foot.

Question 28

circumduction:

Answer 28

Movement of a part. e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction.

Question 29

force:

Answer 29

The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change.

Question 30

magnitude:

Answer 30

How much force is applied to the dumbbells, barbells, or machine handles.

Question 31

direction:

Answer 31

The way in which the force is applied.

Question 32

point of application:

Answer 32

Where the force is applied to the body or implements being used.

Question 33

line of action (line of force):

Answer 33

An imaginary straight line drawn from the point of application of force through the direction of the force.

Question 34

the angle of pull:

Answer 34

The angle at which a muscle pulls relative to the long axis of the bone on which it pulls.

Question 35

work:

Answer 35

Force times distance. Measured in foot-pounds and similar units. Example: Lifting a 200-pound barbell 8 feet and lifting a 400-pound barbell 4 feet each require I,600 foot-pounds of work.

Question 36

power:

Answer 36

The work done in a unit of time.

Question 37

lnertia:

Answer 37

The tendency for an object to remain in its current state (in motion or at rest).

Question 38

resting inertia:

Answer 38

An object is at rest, it will stay at rest unless acted upon by some outside force.

Question 39

moving inertia:

Answer 39

An object that is in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by some outside force.

Question 40

range of motion (ROM):

Answer 40

The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.

Question 41

mass:

Answer 41

A body of coherent matter.

Question 42

acceleration:

Answer 42

The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

Question 43

velocity:

Answer 43

The speed of something in a given direction.

Question 44

momentum:

Answer 44

The quantity of motion of a moving body measured as a product of its mass and velocity.

Question 45

lever:

Answer 45

The rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum.

Question 46

fulcrum:

Answer 46

The point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.

Question 47

first-class lever:

Answer 47

The fulcrum in the middle, the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance on the other.

Question 48

second-class lever:

Answer 48

A lever in which the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort.

Question 49

third-class lever:

Answer 49

A lever in which the effort is placed between the fulcrum and the load.

Question 50

torque:

Answer 50

The magnitude of twist around an axis of rotation (fulcrum).

Question 51

gravity:

Answer 51

The downward pulling force that creates resistance.

Question 52

centre of gravity:

Answer 52

The point in the body around which your weight is equally distributed.

Question 53

line of gravity:

Answer 53

A vertical line straight down from the centreof gravity.

Question 54

kinesthesis:

Answer 54

The ability to perceive your position and movement of the body or body limbs in space.

Question 55

visual reference point:

Answer 55

A chosen point of focus to aid in stability and balance.

Question 56

posture:

Answer 56

The way the body holds itself when sitting, standing, lying down, or moving.

Question 57

lordosis:

Answer 57

A spinal disorder in which the spine curves significantly inward at the lower back. Also called ‘Swayback.’

Question 58

scorliosis:

Answer 58

A spinal disorder in which there is a sideways curve to the spine. The curve is often S-shaped or C-shaped.

Question 59

kyphosis:

Answer 59

A spinal disorder which is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).

Question 60

muscular tonus:

Answer 60

A state of partial contraction present in a muscle in its passive state which, in skeletal muscles, aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart.

Question 61

intradiscal pressure:

Answer 61

Pressure present between vertebral disks.

Question 62

ergonomics:

Answer 62

A science that deals with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely.

Question 63

two-joint-muscles:

Answer 63

Muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings, which cross both the hip and the knee.

Question 64

chondromalacia:

Answer 64

The degeneration of cartilage

Question 65

hyperextension:

Answer 65

Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.

Question 66

antigravity muscles:

Answer 66

A hypothetical force by which a body of positive mass would repel a body of negative mass.

Question 67

impingement:

Answer 67

Shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (atendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade.

Question 68

strength:

Answer 68

1) Strength is the ability to contract the muscles with maximum force, given constraints stemming from the following: Structural/anatomical factors; Physiological/ biochemical factors; Psychoneural/psychosocial factors; External/environmental factors. 2) the ability to exert musculoskeletal force against an external object (such as a barbell, the ground, or an opponent).

Question 69

lRM:

Answer 69

Maximum effort for one repetition of a weight training exercise. Also expressed as one’s “Max” or “one rep max.”

Question 70

Iimit strength:

Answer 70

Absolute strength enhanced by hypnosis, electrotherapy, ergogenic substances of any form (including nutritional supplements or drugs), or other techniques. Such aids increase the potential for strength above.normal capacity.

Question 71

eccentric strength:

Answer 71

The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in the downward phase of an exercise or movement.

Question 72

static strength:

Answer 72

The strength required to resist and control the weight resistance involved in a stationary position.

Question 73

concentric strength:

Answer 73

A concentric contraction is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle exceeds the load opposing its contraction.

Question 74

absolute strength:

Answer 74

The amount of musculoskeletal force you can generate for one all-out effort. Developed through heavy weight training, typically involving above the 80-85% of maximum effort for each lift.

Question 75

speed strength:

Answer 75

The ability of the neuromuscular system toproduce the greatest possible impulse in the shortest possible time. lt is defined in work divided by time, where work is defined as force x distance.

Question 76

starting strength:

Answer 76

The ability to recruit as many motor units (MU’s) as possible instantaneously at the start of a movement.

Question 77

explosive strength:

Answer 77

The ability to exert strength or force as rapidly as possible in a given action.

Question 78

anaerobic strength:

Answer 78

Musculoskeletal force and energy production that does not require oxygen.

Question 79

linear strength endurance:

Answer 79

Sustained all-out maximum effort over an extended period of time.

Question 80

nonlinear strengthendurance:

Answer 80

The ability to perform an activity with exceeding explosiveness over and over for an extended period of time

Question 81

aerobic strength:

Answer 81

Musculoskeletal force and energy production that requires oxygen.

Question 82

general strength:

Answer 82

The quality of being physically strong.

Question 83

specific Strength:

Answer 83

Limit strength obtained specific to the particular muscle groups that will be most involved in the performance of the events/ activities in which are to be performed.

Question 84

Special Strength:

Answer 84

A specialized type of strength gained that is specific to a particular sport or activity skill/ event. Eg. Explosive Strength and Starting Strength for a Shot Putter.

Question 85

strength curve:

Answer 85

A graphical representation of how the human body generates and applies force in a specific direction.

Question 86

force:

Answer 86

The interaction that creates work, action, or physical change. Such as a push or a pull or lift.

Question 87

Fmax:

Answer 87

An aspect of the strength curve that stands for force max. Fmax divided by Tmax is the definition of explosive strength.

Question 88

Tmax:

Answer 88

The aspect of the strength curve that stands for time max. Measurement of how long it takes from the beginning of an upwards (concentric) movement to exert maximum force (Fmax).

Question 89

functional strength:

Answer 89

A category of strength that can improve the ability to perform everyday tasks or sports skills, builds overall strength and balance and augmentsresistance to injury.

Question 90

amortization phase:

Answer 90

Also known as the Transition Phase. One of three parts of a standard resistance training exercise, and represents the brief time between the concentric and eccentric phase of a movement.

Question 91

ballistic stress:

Answer 91

Comnronly used by individuals to helpthem to develop and improve explosiveness and power in the body. This is achieved by accelerating and releasing.weight into free space.

Question 92

ballistic movement:

Answer 92

Muscle contractions that exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time, they exhibit high firing rates, high force production, and very brief contraction times.

Question 93

plyometrics:

Answer 93

Exercises in which muscles exert maximum force in short intervals of time, with the goal of increasing both speed and power.

Question 94

Compensatory accelerationtraining (CAT):

Answer 94

A weight lifting technique used to develop explosive strength whereby you accelerate the bar as leverage improves through the movement.

Question 95

weight training:

Answer 95

Physical training that involves lifting weights.

Question 96

periodization:

Answer 96

How one’s training is broken down into discrete time periods called “macrocycles, mesocycles, and microcycles.” Also known as “periodized training”.

Question 97

general adaptation syndrome (GAi) princIple:

Answer 97

A syndrome in which non-specific reactions of organisms to stress can be grouped into three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

Question 98

supercompensatlon:

Answer 98

The post-training period during which the trairted function/parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.

Question 99

fitness fatigue model:

Answer 99

At any time, preparedness is the difference between the positive effects of fitness and the negative effects of fatigue.

Question 100

delayed onset musclesoreness (DOMS):

Answer 100

The pain and stiffness experienced in muscles several hours to days after unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.

Question 101

flushing workout:

Answer 101

Cleansing a muscle of metabolic toxins by increasing the blood supply to it through exertion.

Question 102

overreaching:

Answer 102

An accumulation of training and/ or non-training stress resulting in a short-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of overtraining in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several days to several weeks.

Question 103

constant resistance:

Answer 103

Weight training technology wherein the weight you are lifting always remains the same, regardless of changing leverage throughout a given exercise movement, The standing example of constant resistance training is lifting a dumbbell or a barbell.

Question 104

variable resistance:

Answer 104

Strength training equipment which can, through the use of elliptical cams and other such technology, vary the amount of weight being lifted to match the strength curve for a particular exercise. Nautilus machines, for example, provide this feature.

Question 105

overload principle:

Answer 105

States that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place.

Question 106

accommodating resistance:

Answer 106

A weight training machine which, through the use of air, fluid or clutch plates in tandem with a flywheel, controls the speed with which you are able to move. By controlling speed, the exertion you are able to deliver is always at maximum throughout the entire range of motion of an exercise. This technology is very useful during rehabilitation, when injuries are present, and also in sports training for speed-strength.

Question 107

static contraction:

Answer 107

A type of training that focuses on a way of developing the most muscle mass and strength through the smallest amount of motion and time in the gym.

Question 108

isometric exercise:

Answer 108

A type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction.

Question 109

resistance bands:

Answer 109

An elastic band used for strength training. They are also commonly used in physical therapy, specifically by convalescents of muscular injuries.

Question 110

callisthenics:

Answer 110

A system of exercise movements, withoutequipment, for the building of the strength, flexibility, and physical grace. The Creeks formed the word from “Kalos” (beautiful) and “sthenos” (strength).

Question 111

power rods:

Answer 111

Resistance technology using rods that bend or twist.

Question 112

unstable surface training:

Answer 112

A training method in which unstable surfaces are used to enhance general balance and contraction potential throughout the body.

Question 113

supinated grip:

Answer 113

Grip in which the palm is facing upwards toward the ceiling.

Question 114

pronated grip:

Answer 114

Grip in which the hand(s) or forearm(s) are rotated so that the palm faces down or back.

Question 115

neutral grip:

Answer 115

Grip wherein the palms face each other.

Question 116

alternated grip:

Answer 116

A grip in which one hand grasps a weight bar with a supinated grip while the other hand simultaneously uses a pronated grip.

Question 117

hook grip:

Answer 117

A method of holding a barbell by gripping the thumb between the barbell and the remaining fingers.

Question 118

open grip:

Answer 118

A grip position in which the thumb does not wrap around the bar.

Question 119

closed grip:

Answer 119

A grip position in which the hand wraps fully around the bar.

Question 120

cardiovascular fitness:

Answer 120

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement.

Question 121

high-density lipoprotein (HDL):

Answer 121

A type of lipoprotein that seems to provide protection against the buildup of atherosclerotic fat deposits in the arteries. Exercise seems to increase the HDL fraction of total cholesterol. HDL contains high levels of protein and low levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. See also lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein.

Question 122

aerobe fitness:

Answer 122

The capacity to take in, transport, and utilize oxygen.

Question 123

aerobic exercise:

Answer 123

moderate physical activity that places demands on the oxygen-using pathways that supply blood to your working muscles.

Question 124

aerobic strength endurance:

Answer 124

Force produced footfall-per footfall (or movement-per movement) in the face of massive oxygen debt, such as that incurred in long distance training or competition.

Question 125

aerobic training:

Answer 125

Exercising aerobically in order to improve your level of aerobic fitness.

Question 126

oxygen deficit:

Answer 126

Occurs as you begin to exercise when your intake of oxygen does not immediately meet your demands.

Question 127

steady-state:

Answer 127

When oxygen intake meets the body’s demands during exercise.

Question 128

oxygen debt:

Answer 128

Inspired oxygen during the recovery phase from an exercise that is in excess of the body’s resting needs

Question 129

maximal oxygenconsumption (VO2, max):

Answer 129

The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable over a period of time.

Question 130

aerobic power:

Answer 130

The most popular way to express aerobic fitness. To eliminate the influence of body size, an individual’s maximal oxygen consumption score (in litres) is divided by the individual’s body weight (in kilograms).

Question 131

aerobic training threshold:

Answer 131

The minimum level of intensity (heart rate) that must be exceeded if significant changes in aerobic fitness are to result from the training.

Question 132

anaerobic threshold:

Answer 132

The upper limit of training intensity beyond which additional training does not have a positive effect on your aerobic fitness level.

Question 133

aerobic training zone:

Answer 133

The range of training intensity that will produce improvement in your level of aerobic fitness.

Question 134

aerobic training effect:

Answer 134

The adjustments your body makes to the aerobic demands that are placed upon it.

Question 135

the specificity of training:

Answer 135

The fact that the effects of training are specific to the manner in which the training is conducted and the activity employed as a training stimulus.

Question 136

aerobic overtraining:

Answer 136

Refers to the fact that more is not automatically better when it comes to exercise.

Question 137

exercise intensity:

Answer 137

How hard one is exercising.

Question 138

MET:

Answer 138

A unit of measurement that refers to the relative energy demands of activity in comparison to your energy demands in a resting state.

Question 139

watt:

Answer 139

A unit of measure of power

Question 140

relative work intensity:

Answer 140

Refers to the fact that work (exercise) is rated by the ratio of the energy required for the work to your resting (or basal) requirement.

Question 141

exercise duration: Refers to how long one exercises.

Answer 141

exercise frequency: How often one exercise.

Question 142

aerobic exercise prescription:

Answer 142

The referral of individuals to specific aerobic exercise programs that include specified protocol based on pre-activity assessments and evaluations and the individual’s specific Goal(s).

Question 143

training zone:

Answer 143

Defined zones, typically based on heart rate, that determine at what level of intensity an individual.

Question 144

battle ropes:

Answer 144

Supersized ropes that are typically heavy and long, which are used as a training tool for individuals by using them in motions such as waving, slamming, whipping, etc.

Question 145

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC):

Answer 145

A measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended toerase the body’s oxygen deficit.

Question 146

proprioceptive feedback:

Answer 146

Relating to stimuli that are produced and perceived within an organism, especially those connected with the position and movement of the body.

Question 147

cross-training:

Answer 147

Refers to a style of training in which individuals engage in various types of sports or exercises in order to gain a well-rounded health and muscular development.

Question 148

compound exercises:

Answer 148

Exercises that engage two or more different joints to fully stimulate entire muscle groups and multiple muscles.

Question 149

flexibility:

Answer 149

The range of motion around a joint.

Question 150

range of motion (ROM):

Answer 150

The movement of a joint from full flexion to full extension.

Question 151

actin:

Answer 151

Long, thin contractile filaments.

Question 152

myosin:

Answer 152

Short, thick contractile filaments.

Question 153

Z-Iines:

Answer 153

Any of the dark bands across a striated muscle fiber that mark the junction of actin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres.

Question 154

sarcomere:

Answer 154

A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band.

Question 155

sarcoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 155

The specialized endoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle and skeletal striated muscle that functions especially as a storage and release area for calcium.

Question 156

sarcolemma:

Answer 156

The fine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles.

Question 157

endomysium:

Answer 157

A wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre, or muscle cell).

Question 158

proprioceptors:

Answer 158

Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure.

Question 159

Golgi tendon organ:

Answer 159

Proprioceptors located at the junction of muscles and tendons that pick up messages of excess stress on the muscle and cause the brain to shut off muscle contraction.

Question 160

Pacinian corpuscles:

Answer 160

An encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration.

Question 161

muscle spindle:

Answer 161

Sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle.

Question 162

goniometer:

Answer 162

An instrument for the precise measurement of
angles, especially one used to
measure the angles between the
faces of crystals.

Question 163

Pulley System

Answer 163

Another muscular-structural arrangement is the pulley. Pulleys are very common in exercise machines-such as in the lat pull-downs-to create a greater mechanical advantage and to move the limbs freely.

Question 164

Wheel and axle

Answer 164

Wheel and axle-like arrangements in the body are needed for the transmission of force. A good illustration of this arrangement is shoulder joint medial and lateral rotation.

Question 165

Pushing:

Answer 165

In some compound (multi-joint) exercises, rather than solely using a rotary component to move the weight, you use a push pattern in which the hands or feet move in a straight line.

Question 166

Pulling:

Answer 166

Pulling is the opposite of pushing. The hands or feet move in a straight line while two or more joints are in rotary action. For example, in the seated row, your body is stable and your hands move in a straight line as you pull them in toward the body.

Question 167

Benefits of good posture:

Answer 167

Good posture is important to health. It is needed in order to keep the organs in place and to allow them to work efficiently and effectively.

Question 168

Spine:

Answer 168

The spine is the keystone of body structure. It must support the weight of the head, trunk, and upper extremities.