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Biochem > Isomers and Related Themes > Flashcards

Isomers and Related Themes Flashcards

1
Q

Constitutional Isomers

A

same molecular formula but differ in order of attached atoms

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2
Q

Stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula and attachment, but differ in spacial arrangement of those bonded groups

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3
Q

Enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that mirror images of themselves

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4
Q

Diastereoisomers

A

isomers that are not mirror images

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5
Q

Epimers

A

diastereoisomer that differs at ONE of several asymmetric carbons

example: D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde

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6
Q

Anomers

A

Diastereoisomers that differ at new asymmetric carbon upon ring closure

example: alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose

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7
Q

D-glyceraldehyde, alpha D glucose, L-glyceraldehyde, beta D glucose: match the pairs and describe their commonality

A

D and L glyceraldehyde are epimers (differ around a single asymmetric carbon and the other two are anomers, they differ around a single carbon AFTER cyclization occurs

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8
Q

Aldose Ketose pairs

A

glucose + fructose, glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

constitutional isomers (aka aldose-ketose pairs)

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9
Q

AGEs

A

Advanced Glycation End products or Advanced Glycosylation End products

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10
Q

AGE formation

A

a) fluorescence b) protein cross linking c) loss of protein functions d) recognition by receptor for AGEs

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11
Q

Maillard Reaction Initiation, Propagation, Advanced Stage

A

Initiation: Protein + sugar
Propagation: Schiff base
Advanced stage: fluorescence, protein cross linking, loss of protein function, recognition by receptor for AGEs

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12
Q

Two nasty byproducts of glucose oxidation

A

3-deoxyglucose (3DG) and methylglyoxyl (MG)

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13
Q

MG + 3DG —-> products (?) name of process? proof in the body?

A

Enzymes break down MG and 3DG and react with them, so basically the products of glucose oxidation react with proteins and modifies them negatively

glycation

they can react with Hg to make HgA1C

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14
Q

Hg A1C test

A

Test for diabetes: hemoglobin A1C is high when their glucose is high, it means the glucose has been reacting with hemoglobin

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15
Q

Glycated tissues

A

cross linked, they don’t get disposed of and become stiff

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16
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

leads to protein glycation and potential loss of protein function in a variety of tissues (amputations for instance)

17
Q

LDL

A

Hangs around a long time and gets oxidized. LDL just gets glycated

18
Q

AGEs manifest from

A

glycation of proteins by carbonyl possessing compounds and aging tissues

19
Q

AGEs cause

A

inflammation because macrophages react with them and cause inflammation cascade

20
Q

monosaccharides

A

“polyhydroxy ketone or aldehyde”

“simple carb”

contain a lot of aldehydes and carbonyls

21
Q

Disaccharides

A

table sugar

22
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

23
Q

Hexose and “-ose”

A

Sugar with six carbons, ose means sugar: aldose

24
Q

Pentose

A

5 carbon sugar:

25
Q

Tetrose

A

4 carbon sugar

26
Q

Triose

A

3 carbon

27
Q

a sugar with an aldehyde is called an

A

aldose

28
Q

a sugar with a ketone is called a

A

ketose

29
Q

alpha vs beta configuration

A

(b UP) not (A downer)

30
Q

epimeric pairs include

A

d-glucose and d-mannose and d-glucose and d-mannose

31
Q

d-mannose and d-mannose are NOT

A

epimers

32
Q

99.9% of glucose in the blood is

A

cyclized; .1 percent is in the straight chain form

33
Q

cyclization

A

results in a configuration change around the enomeric carbon

34
Q

2 prime applies to what

A

the epimeric carbon around which glucose and mannose, differ in hydroxyl arrangement

35
Q

4 prime applies to what

A

the epimeric carbon around which glucose and galactose differ in hydroxyl arrangement

36
Q

how does fructose relate to glucose?

A

aldose-ketose pair

37
Q

Pyranose vs Furanose

A

Pyranose is a 5 carbon cyclic with oxygen at one point: the ring glucose makes after forming the hemiactetal: produces alpha and beta rings. Pryanose is another name for glucose. Pyran refers to a six membered ring strcuture

Furanose is a 5 (4 carbons plus one oxygen) membered cyclic ring that forms when ribose or fructose cyclizes with itself

38
Q

Fehling’s Reagent

A

Clinical test for glucose in the urine. Glucose reduces copper from Cu2+ to Cu+

Glucose + Cu2+—> Cu2O + glucose

ANY reducing sugar can give a Fehling’s reagent, so it isn’t a conclusive test.

39
Q

What does Fehling’s reagent test for?

A

a free anomeric carbon during the straight chain form of a reducing sugar: it doesn’t necessarily have to be glucose

Biochem (17 decks)

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