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World Religions Part I > Islam - Origin and History > Flashcards

Islam - Origin and History Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the founding figure of Islam?

A

The Prophet Muhammad

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2
Q

Where did Muhammad live? What was his job?

A

Muhammad lived around Mecca in the Arabian Peninsula. He worked in a trading caravan that his father owned.

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3
Q

Mecca had mostly members of what religions?

A

There were numerous communities of Jews, Christians, and pagans (polytheists) living in the Arabian peninsula.

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4
Q

What religion did Muhammad’s family practice?

A

Paganism

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5
Q

Muhammad was said to be…

A

Illiterate.

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6
Q

What is the story of Muhammad?

A

In 610 CE Muhammad is visiting a cave near Mecca. The angel Gabriel visits him and tells Muhammad that Allah has a message for him. Allah wants to give him a new message to bring to the people of the world. Allah wants Muhammad to memorize the message word-for-word. Gabriel gives this message to Muhammad in Arabic (a Semitic language).

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7
Q

What happens after Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel?

A

Between 610 - 630 CE Muhammad is given many more messages from Allah through Gabriel. Muhammad can’t write so these messages are not written down. Instead, the messages are all memorized by Muhammad.

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8
Q

Who was Muhammad’s first follower?

A

His wife.

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9
Q

The messages Muhammad receives from Allah later become the…

A

Qur’an

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10
Q

What about Muhammad’s story may be untrue?

A

There is also some suspicion that he was not fully illiterate as is claimed. A man who ran his father’s trade caravan would likely have known how to record business transactions and keep inventory.

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11
Q

After Muhammad gains a decent following in the 600s CE, what happens?

A

He is forced to move from Mecca to Medina where his followers and teachings were more readily accepted. This is called the Hegira (flight).

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12
Q

In 628 CE Muhammad attempts to…

A

return to Mecca with several thousand followers. He had received the message from Allah that commanded the Hajj.

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13
Q

After Mecca refuses entry to Muhammad…

A

a truce is signed. Muhammad returns to Medina. However, the truce is quickly broken.

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14
Q

How did Muhammad break the truce with Mecca?

A

At the end of 629 CE Muhammad attacked Mecca with thousands of followers. Mecca surrenders to Muhammad without much bloodshed.

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15
Q

What was the cleaning of the Ka’ba?

A

Muhammad cleansed the Ka’ba (pagan shrine) of its idols. Muhammad claims that the Ka’ba (former pagan shrine) was originally an altar built by Abraham (Ibraham). The claim in Islam was that the Ka’ba was originally monotheistic but was defiled by pagan worship.

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16
Q

How would the objective perspective view the history of the Ka’ba?

A

The objective perspective would claim that the Ka’ba was always a site of pagan worship from deep pre-historic times and did not become monotheistic until
Muhammad.

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17
Q

What is the holiest site in Islam?

A

The Ka’ba

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18
Q

When did Muhammad die?

A

632 CE

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19
Q

What is the second holiest site in Islam?

A

Muhammad’s burial site, the Green Dome.

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20
Q

How many tombs are in the Green Dome? Who is in them?

A

Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar. The fourth tomb is waiting for Jesus.

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21
Q

What is a caliph?

A

A leader in Islam.

21
Q

Who are the rightly guided caliphs?

A

There are four: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali

22
Q

Who was Abu Bakr? What was significant about him?

A

Abu Bakr was the first caliph, who ruled from 632 to 640 CE. Under his rule, Islam continued its expansion in both numbers and territory.

23
Q

Who was Umar? What was significant about him?

A

Umar was the second caliph, who ruled from 640 - 644 CE. Under his rule, Islam expanded further North into Iraq and Iran. Most importantly, though, the Qur’an was finished being written under his rule.

24
Q

Who was Uthman? What was significant about him?

A

Uthman was the third rightly guided caliph, who ruled from 644 to 656 CE. He finalized the structure of the Qur’an and continued expanding Islam. He was assassinated but we don’t know who killed him.

25
Q

Who was Ali? What was significant about him?

A

Ali was the fourth caliph, who ruled from 656 to 661 CE. He was the son-in-law of Muhammad. He is married to Fatimah, Muhammad’s daughter. Ali expanded Islam and was assassinated.

26
Q

What is Shia?

A

The form of Islam that believes that Ali should have always been the successor of Muhammad.

27
Q

What is Sunni?

A

A form of Islam that agrees that the four caliphs were all legitimate (as opposed to only Ali being so).

28
Q

What was the Umayyad Dynasty? What was significant about it?

A

The Umayyad Dynasty lasted from 661 to 750 CE. This family is related to Ali, so tangentially related to Muhammad. This dynasty moved the political capital to Damascus because it was more centrally located and had a large population. Due to this, there was a HUGE increase in followers and a little increase in the size of the territory.

29
Q

What was the Abbasid Dynasty? What was significant about it?

A

The Abbasid Dynasty lasted from 750 to 1258 CE. They moved the political capital from Damascus to Baghdad. They were one of the longest-ruling Islamic dynasties. They made Baghdad a center of learning and made major advances in the sciences.

30
Q

What was the Islamic Golden Age? Who caused it?

A

The Islamic Golden Age lasted from 800-1250 CE, and it was caused by the Abbasids.

31
Q

Who was Avicenna?

A

He was a great philosopher and medical doctor, as well as a close follower of Aristotle. He was a major part of the Islamic Golden Age.

32
Q

Who was Averroes?

A

He was close friends with Maimonides and was a philosopher/theologian. He advocated for the use of Greek philosophy to better understand Islam. He was a major part of the Islamic Golden Age.

33
Q

Who was Al Ghazali?

A

He wrote the “Folly of the Philosophers.” He argued that Islam did not need Greek philosophy, it just needed the Qur’an. He was a major part of the Islamic Golden Age.

34
Q

How did the Abbasid Dynasty end?

A

It ended in 1258 CE due to being sacked by the Mongol Horde. Baghdad was now being controlled by Mongols who were not Muslim. This ended the Islamic Golden Age.

35
Q

What were the Christian crusades?

A

Attempts by Christians to regain control of the Holy Land away from Muslim rule.

36
Q

What happened during the first two Christian crusades?

A

The first two were able to recapture Jerusalem and put it under Christian control.

37
Q

What is the third holiest site in Islam?

A

The Dome on the Rock, the spot from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven.

38
Q

How did the Christians lose control of Jerusalem?

A

They lost Jerusalem in 1178 CE to the great Muslim general Saladin.

39
Q

What impact did the Christian crusades have on Islam?

A

The crusades greatly weakened the power of the Abbasids which is why they were able to be conquered by the Mongol Horde.

40
Q

What are the Mughals?

A

This dynasty is of Muslim-converted Mongols. They live in Northern India. One of the Mughal rulers built the Taj Mahal.

41
Q

Who are the Ottomans?

A

In 1453, they conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. The Ottomans were defeated in WWI by the British.

42
Q

What is the Taj Mahal?

A

It is a mausoleum in Agra, India that was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

43
Q

What is Wahhabism?

A

It is a radical form of Islam that developed from the Sunni tradition. It is a fundamentalist approach to Sunni Islamic theology, as it advocates for a very literal interpretation of the Qur’an. It is the main form of Islamic theology in Saudi Arabia.

44
Q

What is Sufism?

A

It is the smallest branch of Islam today. It is an attempt to join with Allah through spiritual revelation. It is a mystical form of Islam.

45
Q

Who was Rumi?

A

A famous member of Sufism. He was the poet of love.

46
Q

What are Whirling Dervishes?

A

It is a practice in Sufism that involves wearing long white skirts and spinning around.

47
Q

Paganism is a ____________ religion.

A

polytheistic

48
Q

Islam is a ____________ religion.

A

monotheistic

49
Q

What was the hegira? What was the hajj?

A

The hegira was the “flight,” in which Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina. The hajj was something Allah told Muhammad to do– take his people to Mecca (where the Ka’ba is).

World Religions Part I (7 decks)

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