IS LEC QUIZ 1 (M1 - M4) Flashcards
indentification mostly
The emergence of the _____ into a full-
blown international communication system has
drastically reduced the cost of operating and
transacting on a global scale.
INTERNET
___ is one in which nearly all of the organization’s
significant business relationships with customers, suppliers,
and employees are digitally enabled and mediated.
Digital firm
___ are accomplished through digital networks spanning
the entire organization or linking multiple organizations.
Core business processes
In context of the digital firm…
_____ refer to the set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to
produce specific business results and the unique manner in
which these activities are organized and coordinated.
Developing a new product, generating and fulfilling an order,
creating a marketing plan, and hiring an employee are
examples of business processes, and the ways organizations
accomplish their business processes can be a source of
competitive strength.
Business processes
In context of the digital firm…
Intellectual property, core competencies and financial and human assets – managed thru digital means.
Key Corporate Assets
In context of the digital firm…
_____ – business conducted continuously
_______ – works takes place in a global workshop_
- Time shifting
- Space shifting
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Strategic Business Objective of IS
1. Operational Excellence
2. New products, services and business models
3. Customer and Supplier Intimacy
4. Improved Decision Making
5. Competitive Advantage
6. Survival
.
it is A set of interrelated
components that collect (or
retrieve), process, store and
distribute information to
support decision making and
control in an organization
information system
data that is
meaningful and useful
information
raw facts representing
events before it is organized
and arranged and become
useful information
data
Activities in IS
___ Capture or collects data from within the organization or external
environment
input
____ Converts this raw input to a meaningful form
processing
__ transfer the processed information to the people who will use it or
to the activities which it will be used.
output
what are 3 dimensions of IS
– organization
– management
– (information) technology
Di ko sure if need include “information”
one of the 3 dimensions of IS
The key elements of an
organization are its people,
structure, business
processes, politics, and
culture.
organizations
Used to cope up with
change
* Computer hardware
* Computer software
* Data management
technology
* Networking and
Communication technology
* Network – Internet, intranet
and extranet
* WWW
information technology
one of the 3 dimensions of IS
Make decisions, formulate
action plans
* Respond to challenges
* Allocate human and
financial resources to
coordinate work
management
Provides a foundation or platform, where a firm
build its specific information system, run and
managed by people alongside technologies
IT Infrastructures
______: refer to the manner in which work is organized, coordinated,
and focused to produce a valuable product or service.
▪ Sets of activities, steps
▪ Workflows of material, information, knowledge
▪ May be tied to functional area or be cross-functional
business processes
____ can be seen as collection of business processes
businesses
what are Five Basic Business Entities
▪ Suppliers
▪ Customers
▪ Employees
▪ Invoices/payments
▪ Products and services
Every business, regardless of
its size, must perform four
functions to succeed. which are
- It must produce the
product or service;
▪ market and sell the
product;
▪ keep track of accounting
and financial transactions;
and
▪ perform basic human
resources tasks, such as
hiring and retaining
employees.
It describes Fulfilling a customer order involves a complex set of
steps that require the
close coordination of the
sales, accounting, and
manufacturing functions
Order Fulfillment Process
which of the following are considered OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
▪ Knowledge workers
▪ Data workers
▪ Production or service workers
▪ Data workers
▪ Production or service workers
while mid management are composed of:
▪ Knowledge workers
one of the Types of Information Systems
▪ Perform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business
✓ Examples: sales order entry, payroll, shipping
▪ Allow managers to monitor status of operations and relations with external
environment
▪ Serve operational levels
▪ Serve predefined, structured goals and decision making
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
one of the Types of Information Systems
- captures employee payment
transaction data (such as a time
card).
▪ System outputs include online
and hard-copy reports for
management and employee
paychecks.
- A Payroll TPS
one of the Types of Information Systems
- Data and software tools for organizing and analyzing data
▪ Used to help managers and users make improved decision
Business intelligence
Enumerate 3 business intelligence systems
▪ Management Information Systems (MIS)
▪ Decision Support Systems (DSS)
▪ Executive Support Systems (ESS
one of the 3 business intelligence systems
▪ Serves middle management with reports in organization’s current
performance
▪ Monitor and control business
▪ Predict future performance
▪ Summarizes and reports the company’s basic operation
Management Information System (MIS)
one of the 3 business intelligence systems
▪ Support non-routine decision making
✓Example: What is impact on production schedule if December sales
doubled?
▪ Often use external information as well from TPS and MIS
▪ These systems are employed by “super-user” managers and business analysts
who want to use sophisticated analytics and models to analyze data.
▪ Voyage-estimating systems
▪ Model driven DSS
▪ Data driven DSS
▪ Intrawest’s marketing analysis systems
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
▪ Serve middle management
one of the 3 business intelligence systems
▪ Support senior management
▪ Address non-routine decisions
✓Requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight
▪ Incorporate data about external events (e.g. new tax laws or competitors) as well as
summarized information from internal MIS and DSS
✓Example: Digital dashboard with real-time view of firm’s financial performance:
working capital, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash flow, and inventory
▪ Present graphs and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for
senior managers to use.
▪ They filter, compress, and track critical data, displaying the data of greatest
importance to senior managers.
▪ Such systems include business intelligence analytics for analyzing trends, forecasting,
and “drilling down” to data at greater levels of detail.
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
one of the Types of Information Systems
▪ delivers
comprehensive and accurate
information for decision making
often using a single screen.
▪ The graphical overview of key
performance indicators helps
managers quickly spot areas that
need attention.v
Digital Dashboard
What are 4 major enterprise applications
✓Enterprise systems
✓Supply chain management systems
✓Customer relationship management systems
✓Knowledge management systems
__ describes the Enterprise applications automate
processes that span multiple
business functions and
organizational levels and may
extend outside the organization
Enterprise Application
Architecture
Types of Enterprise Applications
▪ Collects data from different firm functions and stores data in single central
data repository
▪ Resolves problem of fragmented, redundant data sets and systems
▪ Enable:
✓Coordination of daily activities
✓Efficient response to customer orders (production, inventory)
✓Provide valuable information for improving management decision making
enterprise systems
Types of Enterprise Applications
▪ Manage firm’s relationships with suppliers
▪ Share information about
✓Orders, production, inventory levels, delivery of products and services
▪ Goal:
✓Right amount of products to destination with least amount of time and lowest
cost
▪ SCM increase firm profitability by lowering the costs of moving and making
products and by enabling managers to make better decisions about how to
organize and schedule sourcing, production, and distribution.
▪ Interorganizational system because they automate the flow of information across
organizational boundaries.
Supply chain management (SCM) systems
Types of Enterprise Applications
▪ Provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with
customers in sales, marketing, and service to optimize revenue, customer
satisfaction, and customer retention
▪ Integrate firm’s customer-related processes and consolidate customer
information from multiple communication channels
▪ Improving business relationships with customers, assisting in customer
retention and driving sales growth.
Customer relationship management systems:
Types of Enterprise Applications
▪ Support processes for acquiring, creating, storing, distributing, applying,
integrating knowledge
✓How to create, produce, distribute products and services
▪ Collect internal knowledge and experience within firm and make it available
to employees
▪ Link to external sources of knowledge
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
is the internal company Web sites accessible only by employees
Intranets:
A public network linking organization and other external networks.
internet
✓Company Web sites accessible externally only to vendors and suppliers
✓Often used to coordinate supply chain
extranet
____ use Internet technology to deliver information and services to citizens, employees, and
businesses
E government
____ is
▪ Subset of e-business
▪ Buying and selling goods and services through Internet
▪ e-commerce refers to just that part of business that involves selling goods and services over
the Internet. And encompasses activates supporting market transaction like advertising
E-commerce
___ is
Use of digital technology and Internet to drive major business processes. Includes e-
commerce and activates for the internal management for the firm and for coordination with
suppliers.
▪ E-business refers to the use of the Internet and networking to enable all parts of the
business
e-businesses
____ is working with others to achieve shared an explicit goal
collaboration
____ is the use of social networking platforms, including Facebook,
Twitter, and internal corporate social tools—to engage their employees,
customers, and suppliers.
Social business
________ Connect through personal and business profiles
__________ Harness collective knowledge to generate new ideas and solutions
_________ Coordinate projects and tasks; co-create content
__________ Publish and rapidly access knowledge; discuss opinions and
experiences
________ Share opinions about purchasing or purchase on social platforms
______ Upload, share, and comment on photos, videos, audio, text documents
______ Use social media to interact with customers; derive customer insights
______ Discuss topics in open forums; share expertise
Social networks
Crowdsourcing
Shared workspaces
Blogs and wikis
Social commerce
File sharing
Social marketing
Communities
“_________” organizations
✓No value placed on teamwork or lower-level participation in decisions
Command and control
Information technology and organizations influence each other.
as a result the Relationship influenced by organization’s: (give 6)
- Structure
- Business processes
- Politics
- Culture
- Environment
- Management decisions
______
* Formal social structure that processes resources from environment to produce
outputs
* A formal legal entity with internal rules and procedures, as well as a social structure
organization
technical definition
A collection of rights,
privileges, obligations, and
responsibilities that is
delicately balanced over a
period of time through
conflict and conflict
resolution
organizations
behavioral definition
are Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed to cope with virtually all
expected situations
routines
aka Collections of routines
business processes
aka Collection of business processes
Business firm
Encompasses set of assumptions that define goal and product
* What products the organization should produce
* How and where it should be produced
* For whom the products should be produced
* May be powerful unifying force as well as restraint on change
organizational culture
are substitute products that perform as well as or better than existing product
are Technology that brings sweeping change to businesses, industries, markets
Examples: personal computers, word processing software, the Internet
Disruptive Technologies
inventors of disruptive technologies
first movers
firms with the size and resources to capitalize on disruptive technology
Fast followers
ONe of the organizational types
Young, small firm in a fast-changing environment. It has a simple structure and is managed by an entrepreneur serving as its single chief executive officer.
Entrepreneurial structure
ONe of the organizational types
Large bureaucracy existing in a slowly changing environment, producing standard products. It is dominated by a centralized management team and centralized decision making.
Machine bureaucracy
ONe of the organizational types
Combination of multiple machine bureaucracies, each producing a different product or service, all topped by one central headquarters.
Divisionalized bureaucracy
ONe of the organizational types
Knowledge-based organization where goods and services depend on the expertise and knowledge of professionals. Dominated by department heads with weak centralized authority.
Professional bureaucracy
ONe of the organizational types
Task force organization that must respond to rapidly changing environments. Consists of large groups of specialists organized into short-lived multidisciplinary teams and has weak central management.
Adhocracy
what theory
Firms seek to economize on transaction costs (the costs of participating in markets)
Vertical integration, hiring more employees, buying suppliers and distributors
IT lowers market transaction costs, making it worthwhile for firms to transact with other firms rather than grow the number of employees
- Transaction Cost Theory
what theory
Firm is nexus of contracts among self-interested parties requiring supervision
Firms experience agency costs (the cost of managing and supervising) which rise as firm grows
IT can reduce agency costs, making it possible for firms to grow without adding to the costs of supervising, and without adding employees
Agency Theory
4 factors of Resistance to Information System Change
Resistance to Information System Change
6 Organizational factors in planning a new system:
- Environment
- Structure
- Culture and politics
- Type of organization and style of leadership
- Main interest groups affected by system; attitudes of end users
- Tasks, decisions, and business processes the system will assis
Provides general view of firm, its competitors, and environmen
Porter’s Competitive Forces Model
Five competitive forces shape fate of firm according to porter
- Traditional competitors
- New market entrants
- Substitute products and services
- Customers
- Suppliers
Four generic strategies for dealing with competitive forces, enabled by using IT?
clue:
_____ Produce products and services at a lower price than competitors
_______Enable new products or services, greatly change customer convenience and
experience
_____ Use information systems to enable a focused strategy on a single market niche;
specialize
_____ Use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and
suppliers
- Low-cost leadership
- Product differentiation
- Focus on market niche
- Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
_______are Collection of independent firms using highly
synchronized IT to coordinate value chains to
produce product or service collectively
* More customer driven, less linear operation
than traditional value chain
Value web
_______ describes:
– Firm as series of activities that add
value to products or services
– Highlights activities where
competitive strategies can best be
applied
* Primary activities vs. support
activities
– At each stage, determine how
information systems can improve
operational efficiency and improve
customer and supplier intimacy
– Utilize benchmarking, industry best
practices
The Business Value Chain Model
____ describes When output of some units are used as inputs to others, or two organizations pool markets and expertise as
it lowers cost and generate profits.
synergies
one of the 3 network based strategies
Marginal cost of adding new participant almost zero, with much greater marginal gain
Value of community grows with size
Value of software grows as installed customer base grows
Compare to traditional economics and law of diminishing returns
network economics
one of the 3 network based strategies
Uses networks to ally with other companies
Creates and distributes products without being limited by traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations
virtual company
Industry sets of firms providing related services and products
Platforms
* Microsoft, Facebook
Keystone firms
Niche firms
Individual firms can consider how IT will help them become profitable niche players in larger ecosystems
Business ecosystems
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Challenges Posed by Strategic Information
Systems
* Sustaining competitive advantage
* Competitors can retaliate and copy strategic systems
* Systems may become tools for survival
* Aligning IT with business objectives
* Performing strategic systems analysis
* Structure of industry
* Firm value chains
* Managing strategic transitions
* Adopting strategic systems requires changes in business goals, relationships with
customers and suppliers, and business processes
.
Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agent, use
to make choices to guide their behaviors.
ethics
Five Moral Dimensions of the Information Age
- Information rights and obligations
- Property rights and obligations
- Accountability and control
- System quality
- Quality of life
Combining data from multiple sources to create dossiers of detailed
information on individuals
profiling
Combining data from multiple sources to find obscure hidden
connections that might help identify criminals or terrorists
Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA)
________ is Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions.
________ are Mechanisms for identifying responsible parties.
________ Permits individuals (and firms) to recover damages done to them .
______ Laws are well-known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities.
- Responsibility
- Accountability
- Liability
- Due process
_________
* Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
_________
* If an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone
_________
* If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all
________
* Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value
______
* Take the action that produces the least harm or potential cost
______
* Assume that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone unless there is a specific declaration otherwise
- Golden Rule
- Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative
- Descartes’ Rule of Change
- Utilitarian Principle
- Risk Aversion Principle
- Ethical “No Free Lunch” Rule
- Special rights and obligations of their special claims to
knowledge, wisdom and respect - Promises by professions to regulate themselves in the
general interest of society
Professional Codes of Conduct
Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or
interference from other individuals, organizations, or state; claim
to be able to control information about yourself
privacy
- RA 10173 – ______
- RA 10372 – _________
- RA 10175 – ________
– Data Privacy Act
== Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
– Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
one of the internet challenges to privacy
_____
Identify browser and track
visits to site
* Super cookies (Flash
cookies)
cookies
one of the internet challenges to privacy
____
* Tiny graphics embedded in e-mails and web pages
* Monitor who is reading e-mail message or visiting site
web beacons
one of the internet challenges to privacy
- Surreptitiously installed on user’s computer
- May transmit user’s keystrokes or display unwanted ads
spyware
- Intangible property of any kind created by individuals or
corporations
intellectual property
three main ways that intellectual property is protected:
- ______: intellectual work or product belonging to business,
not in the public domain - ______: statutory grant protecting intellectual property from being copied for the life of the author, plus 70 years
- _____ : grants creator of invention an exclusive monopoly on ideas behind invention for 20 years
Trade secret
Copyright
Patents
____ Makes it illegal to circumvent technology-based protections of
copyrighted materials
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
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- If software fails, who is responsible?
- If seen as part of a machine that injures or harms, software
producer and operator may be liable. - If seen as similar to book, difficult to hold author/publisher
responsible. - If seen as a service? Would this be similar to telephone
systems not being liable for transmitted messages?
c
Three principal sources of poor system performance
- Software bugs, errors
- Hardware or facility failures
- Poor input data quality (most common source of business
system failure
