EVE PRELIMS (M1 - M3) Flashcards
What are the 3 stages in the Development of Professional Identity?
– Independent Operator
– Team Oriented Idealist
– Self Defining or Integrated Professional
One of the 3 stages in the Development of Professional Identity:
Describes rather than identifying professionalism with fixed rules and behaviors, professionalism is seen as conforming to the expectations of OTHER PROFESSIONALS, especially of the exemplary type
– Team Oriented Idealist
One of the 3 stages in the Development of Professional Identity:
Professionalism is meeting fixed and clearly defined guidelines and expectations that are EXTERNAL to ONE’S character
Independent Operator
One of the 3 stages in the Development of Professional Identity:
Rather than identifying professionalism with external expectations of one’s peers, one has integrated his personal values with those of his profession. Professional values are a PART OF WHO ONE IS. This stage is often not fully achieved until mid-life
Self Defining or Integrated Professional
What is a Profession?
First, there is the _____, which holds that there are characteristics especially associated with
professionalism.
Second, ______, where professionals have an
implicit agreement with the public
A third account of professionalism is offered by philosopher _____, who defines a profession in the following way:
A profession is a number of individuals in the same
occupation voluntarily organized to EARN A LIVING by openly SERVING A MORAL IDEAL in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market, morality, and public opinion would otherwise require
- Sociological Account
- Social Contract Account
- Michael Davis
5 Main Characteristics of a Profession according to Sociological Account
- Extensive PERIOD of TRAINING of an intellectual character, usually obtained at a college or university.
- POSSESSING KNOWLEDGE and skills VITAL to the well-being of the larger SOCIETY.
- A monopoly or near-monopoly on the pro-vision of professional services, and considerable control over professional education and the standards for admission into the profession.
- An unusual DEGREE of AUTONOMY in the workplace.
- A claim to be REGULATED by ETHICAL STANDARDS, usually embodied in a code of ethics, that promotes the good of the public.
TRUE OR FALSE
The public must agree to allow professionals to enjoy abov average wages, to have social recognition and prestige, and to have a considerable degree of freedom to regulate themselves.
True
Read only:
Arguments on “Should Engineers Have to Be Registered to Practice Engineering?”
NO.
— Registration might increase the cost of engineering services, because the costs of registration would be passed on to clients and customers.
— Registration might make certain types of cooperation between engineers & nonengineers on the same project difficult, because registration would prohibit nonengineers from doing engineering work.
— Engineers already must be licensed in order to “sign off” on work that directly affects the public.
YES.
— Some countries already require registration to practice, and the types of problems described above have not appeared to be serious.
— The distinction between work that does and does not affect the public is not clear, since most engineering work affects the public in some way.
— Registration might increase the professional autonomy of engineers in the work-place, because engineers could more easily resist management requirements to violate professional standards. An engineer could say, “Complying with your requests might lead to the revocation of my license, and other engineers would face the same problem if they complied with your request.”
For short:
No
– Costly
— Prohibit nonengineers from doing engineering work.
— they already have to be licensed to approve work that impacts the public’s safety.
Yes
— problems described above have not appeared to be serious
— Most engineering work affects the public in some way.
— might increase the professional autonomy of engineers in the work-place
t or f
Engineering must prioritize the interests of employers and clients good over the public.
False
Public good > Client and Employers
SPECIFIC PHRASE
Engineers should hold paramount the “____, _____, AND ____“of the public, as the NSPE code states.
SAFETY, HEALTH, WEALTH
AKA the Chemical Engineering Law
Sec 14, Art 2 of RA No. 318
Aka the Mech ENg Law
Sec 9 of Commonwealth Act no. 294
Republic Act No. ____
AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
6713
_____ is the experience of health, happiness, and prosperity. It includes having good mental health, high life satisfaction, a sense of meaning or purpose, and ability to manage
Well-being
T or F
well-being appears to be
in decline, at least in the U.S. And increasing your well-being can be tough without knowing what to do and how to do it.
T
What are 5 types of Well Being?
______ - The ability to practice stress management and relaxation techniques, be resilient, boost self-love, and
generate the emotions that lead to good feelings.
_____ - The ability to improve the functioning of your body
through healthy living and good exercise habits.
_____ - The ability to communicate, develop meaningful relationships with others, and maintain a support network that helps you overcome loliness.
_____ - The ability to pursue your interests, values, and life
purpose in order to gain meaning, happiness, and enrichment professionally.
_____ - The ability to actively participate in a thriving community, culture, & environment.
(Let Well being = WB)
Emotional WB
Physical WB
Social WB
Workplace WB
Societal WB
Read Only:
Examples of Prohibited Actions from the NSPE Code
Do not reveal privileged information (II,1,c)
Do not associate with dishonest profes-sionals (II,1,d)
Do not aid the unlawful practice of engi-neering (II,1,e)
Do not accept compensation from two par-ties on the same project (11,4,b)
Do not participate in governmental deci-sions related to your own work (11,4,d)
Do not solicit work from a governmental body on which a member of your firm has a position (II,4,e)
Do not falsify your qualifications (11,5,a)
Do not give bribes (II,5,b)
Do not be influenced by conflicting interests (111,5)
Do not unjustly injure the reputation of another engineer (III,7)
Engineers are obligated not only to abide by code prohibitions, thereby refraining from causing harm. Prevention of harm usually involves: (Give 2)
(1) identifying and disclosing potential harms and
(2) attempting to prevent them.
The Board cited section ____ of the NSPE code operative, which reads:
Engineers shall at all times recognize that their primary obligation is to protect the safety, health, property and welfare of the public. If their professional judgment is overruled, under circumstances where the safety, health, property, or welfare of the public are endangered, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may beappropriate [emphasis added].
section II.1.a.
The NSPE s Board of Ethical Review appeared to recognize the category of preventive action in its decision on case ______
case 82-5
The Board cited section ____ of the NSPE code operative, which reads:
Engineers shall not complete, sign, or seal plans and/or specifications that are not of a design safe to the public health & welfare and in
conformity with accepted engineering standards.
If the client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the
proper authorities & withdraw from further service on the project [emphasis added].
section III.2.b
Although engineering codes of ethics place great emphasis on the importance of refraining from certain kinds of behavior (prohibited actions) and engaging in
behavior that prevents harms, such provisions do not adequately capture the more
positive aspects of engineering. We call this more positive component of engineering ethics _______
It can take many forms, ranging from actions that are obligatory since engineering codes require engineers to promote human well-being
to those that go beyond the obligatory.
aspirational ethics
In an unpublished speech in 2000 by ____ , he described the criterion for selecting the
achievements as not technological gee-whiz, but how much an achievement
improved people s quality of life. He went on to say that the achievements selected are a testament to the power and promise of engineering to improve the quality of human life worldwide.
Dr. William A. Wulf
NOTE:
Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
Electrification
The automobile
The arplane
Water supply and distribution system
Electronics
Radio and television
Agricultural mechanization
Computers
Telephone
Air-conditioning & Ref
* Highways
* Spacecraft
Internet
Imaging
Household appliances
Petroleum and petroleum technologies
Laser and fiber optics
Nuclear Tech
High-performance materials
Make solar energy economical
Provide energy from fusion
Develop carbon sequestration methods
Manage the nitrogen cycle
Provide access to clean water
Restore and improve urban infrastructure
Advance health informatics
Engineer better medicines
Reverse-engineer the brain
Prevent nuclear terror
Secure cyberspace
Enhance virtual reality
Advance personalized learning
Engineer the tools of scientific discovery
The primary way in which engineers improve well-being is through ___.
design
T or F
Some scholars hold that technological development has a life of its own that can only minimally be controlled by individual humans or even society at large.
T
4 Components of a Moral Problem
Factual Issues
Conceptual Issues
Application Issues
Moral Issues
T or F
Technological Determinism means that If a bad technology can be developed, it WILL be developed, and there is little we can do about it as we cannot influence the direction of Technological development.
T
But it is rejected by most scholars
One of the 4 Components of a Moral Problem
___ Questions of fact relevant to the resolution of a moral problem
Factual Issues
One of the 4 Components of a Moral Problem
___ Questions about the
meanings of terms relevant to the resolution of a moral problem.
Conceptual Issues
One of the 4 Components of a Moral Problem
Questions about how conflicting moral considerations relevant to the resolution of a moral problem should be weighed or balanced.
Moral Issues.
One of the 4 Components of a Moral Problem
Questions about whether and how a term applies in a situation.
Application Issues
3 Claims about Factual Issues
– disagreements over the
relevant facts
– very difficult to resolve.
– we must make decisions about important moral
issues, even though some of the relevant factual issues cannot be resolved
We call questions about the meanings of terms as ____
conceptual issues.
NOTE:
EXAMPLE:
The giving of a Christmas gift to a purchasing officer from a supplier
a claim about whether a
given term or expression applies to an individual action, or a general practice is about ______
Application Issue
_____ defines as an area of compromise or possible agreement between two
extreme positions, especially political ones.
CREATIVE MIDDLE-WAY
SOLUTIONS
The most obvious place to look is the stock of common moral beliefs which most
people in our _____, and perhaps people generally, ____. We call this set of
beliefs ______
– culture
– accept
– common morality
Ross’s Prima Facie Duties
R1. Duties resting on previous acts: (a) Duties of FIDELITY (to keep promises and not to tell lies), (b) Duties of REPARATION for wrong done
R2. Duties of GRATITUDE (e.g., to parents and benefactors)
R3. Duties of JUSTICE (e.g., to support happi-ness in proportion to merit)
R4. Duties of BENEFICENCE (to improve the condition of others)
R5. Duties of SELF IMPROVEMENT
R6. Duties NOT to INJURE others
FR GJB SI
Bernard Gert’s 10 Moral Rules
G1. Don’t kill.
G2. Don’t cause pain.
G3. Don’t disable.
G4. Don’t deprive of freedom.
G5. Don’t deprive of pleasure.
G6. Don’t deceive.
G7. Keep your promise (or don’t break your promise).
G8. Don’t cheat.
G9. Obey the law (or don’t disobey the law).
G10. Do your duty (or don’t fail to do your duty).
KC DDDD PCOD
4 TYPES OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS
Permissible
Impermissible
Obligatory
Supererogatory
pios
one of the 4 TYPES OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS
Morally permitted by not morally required to perform
permissible
one of the 4 TYPES OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS
morally required NOT to do
impermissible
one of the 4 TYPES OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS
morally required to do
Obligatory
one of the 4 TYPES OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS
Praiseworthy is one does it but not morally required
supererogatory
What are the 3 levels of Moral Judgements
– Particular Actions
– General Practices or Classes of Actions
– Very General Moral Principles or Criteria
one of the 3 levels of Moral Judgements
Judgments about the moral acceptability or unacceptability of an action.
Particular Actions
one of the 3 levels of Moral Judgements
Judgments about the moral acceptability or unacceptability of more general types of action.
General Practices or Classes of Actions
one of the 3 levels of Moral Judgements
. Statements that provide criteria for determining whether any action or class of actions is right or wrong.
Very General Moral Principles or Criteria
Philosopher Michael Davis suggests eight questions or tests that rely on our commonsense morality, but also reflect some of the concepts in moral theories, which are:
____ Does this option do less harm than any available alternative?
_____. Would I want my choice of this option published in the newspaper?
____ . Could I defend my choice of this option before a Congressional committee, a committee of my peers, or my parents?
____. Would I still think my choice of this option is good if I were one of those adversely affected by it?
_____. What kind of person would I become if I chose this option often?
_____. What would my profession’s ethics committee say about this option?
_____. What would my colleagues say when I describe my problem and suggest this option as my solution?
____. What would the organization’s ethics officer or legal counsel say about my option?
— Harm Test.
— Publicity Test
— Defensibility Test
— Reversibility Test
— Virtue Test
— Professional Test
— Colleague Test.
— Organization Test
HP DR VP CO
One of the Moral Theories:
The fundamental principle of the _______ of common morality is We should maximize overall well-being. We refer to the population over which wellbeing is maximized as the _____.
Benefit of a Majority
utilitarian model
Audience
One of the 3 Tests of Utilitarian Approach
- Identify the available options that can provide a solution to the problem under consideration.
- Assess the costs (measured in monetary terms) and the benefits (also measured in monetary terms) of each option. The costs and benefits must be assessed for the entire audience of the action, or all who are affected by the decision.
- Make the decision that is likely to result in the greatest benefit relative to cost; that is, the course of action chosen must not be one for which the funds spent on implementing the action could be spent on another action that would better resolve the problem under consideration.
Cost Benefit Test
One of the 3 Tests of Utilitarian Approach
- Identify the available options in this situation.
- Determine the appropriate audience for the options, keeping in mind the problems in determining the audience.
- Decide which available option is likely to bring about the greatest good for the appro-priate audience, taking into account the harms as well as benefits.
Test of Maximizing Good Consequences
Tip: OPTIONS
One of the 3 Tests of Utilitarian Approach
- Identify the established practice, if any, that applies to the appropriate audience in this situation. If the practice promotes utility better than any alternative practice, it should be followed.
- If there is no applicable practice, select the one whose support in this situation is likely to have the best long-run consequences, all things considered.
- Follow the justified practice in this situation, unless you think this might be a situation in which exception can justifiably be made on utilitarian grounds.
The Rules and Practices Test
in simpler terms:
The test of practice and rules determines whether following an established rule or practice leads to the best overall outcome, and if not, whether an exception is justified based on long-term consequences.
One of the Moral Theories:
- The fundamental principle of the _______ model of common
morality is “Act so that you respect all humans as free and
equal moral agents.” - . In the literature of moral and political philosophy, the
notion of respect for persons commonly means a kind of
respect that all people are owed morally just because theyare persons, regardless of social position, individual
characteristics or achievements, or moral merit.
Respect for Persons (RP) Approach
3 TESTS OF RP ANALYSES
Rights Test
Golden rule Test
Self defeating test
One of the 3 TESTS OF RP ANALYSES
___ Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you
Golden rule Test
One of the 3 TESTS OF RP ANALYSES
(of an action or policy) unable, because of its inherent qualities, to achieve the
end it is designed to bring about.”
Does your action would be undermined if everyone did it
DOes your action could not be performed if everyone did it
Self Defeating Test
sample FORMAT:
- Conflicting obligations:
- Alternate actions:
a. Make the false promise.
b. Don’t make the promise - Audience:
- Self-defeating Test of action
- (a) fails test; Alex should do (b)
Read only
Gewirth’s Hierarchy of Rights
Tier 1. The most BASIC RIGHTS, the essential preconditions of action: for example, life, physical integrity, and mental health.
Tier 2. Rights to MAINTAIN LEVEL OF PURPOSE FULFILLMENT ONE ALREADY HAS, such as the right not to be deceived or cheated, the right to informed consent to unusual risks, the right not to have possessions stolen, the right not to be defamed, and the right not to suffer broken promises.
Tier 3. The rights necessary to INCREASE ONE’S level of purpose fulfillment: for example, the right to attempt to acquire property and wealth.
noted
simpler terms
Hierarchy of Rights:
Tier 1: life, bodily integrity, mental integrity
Tier 2: right not to be deceived, cheated, stolen from, defamed, have promises broken, right to privacy, to free speech
Tier 3: right to try to acquire property, non-discrim., self-respect
One of the 3 TESTS OF RP ANALYSES
You are free to do whatever you want as long as it doesn’t violate or infringe on anyone else’s rights.
Make a choice that seems likely to produce least serious rights infringement
Helping one person cant excuse violating right of another
Rights test
FOrmat;
1. Conflicting Obligations
- Alternate Actions
- Audience
- IF DO A, IF DO B
- a, rights violated are low than b
ONe of the moral theories
A _____ is usually described as a dispositional trait, that is, a character trait that disposes or inclines a person to do the right thing. It can be described as both deep and wide. It is deep in the sense that it is a firmly entrenched habit that leads a person to consistently act in a certain way and to which he is strongly committed. It is wide in that it manifests itself in a variety of ways.
Virtue according to Virtue ethics approach
2 types of virtues
Theological Virtues
Cardinal Virtues
T or F
Faith hope and charity are under Cardinal virtues
F.
Under Theological virtue
A virtues that come from God and lead to God.
Theological Virtue
The ____ virtues are human virtues, acquired by education and good
actions.
cardinal virtues
T or F
Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and temperance are examples of Theological virtue
False. Cardinal virtue dapat
2 types of Accountability
Legal Accountability (w/ strict liability)
Moral Accountability (w/o strict liability)
Desirable Qualities in Engineers
– Basic engineering competence
– Professional integrity
– Honesty
– Willingness to make self-sacrifice
– Working well with others
– Imaginativeness
– Perseverance
– Communicating clearly with others
– Commitment to objectivity
– Openness to acknowledging and correcting mistakes
– Commitment to quality
– Ability to see “the big picture,” as well as minute details
– Civic-mindedness
______ is the watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would exercise. If a person’s actions do not meet this, then his/her acts fail to meet the duty of care which all people (supposedly) have toward others.
Failure to meet the standard is negligence, and any damages resulting therefrom may be claimed in a lawsuit by the injured party.
Standard of Care
NOTE:
Engineers during product design need to exercise imaginative, critical thinking in trying to anticipate & address new risks before they become serious problems.
This is to avoid the risk of innovation
T or F
The Standard of Care is that the “standard” is often a subjective and not objective
True, which is a problem that even reasonable people can differ
Incase of negative organizational causes. Organizations should be held Responsible for:
(give 3)
– For causing harms
– For making reparations for wrong done
– For making reforms
___ are a person or entity’s legal responsibilities under the law.
Legal Liabilities
_____ seeks to right the wrongful act committed by one person against another.
Civil Liability
______ concerns the extent to which a person believes that another individual or group is blameworthy and ought to be accountable for violating standards of conduct by either behaving in an unacceptable manner or failing to behave in an acceptable manner
MOral Responsibility
_____ involves the government taking action to punish an
individual who violated the law.
Criminal Liability
4 Types of Causing Harm
Intentionally Causing Harm
Recklessly Causing harm (aware of risk but not intended)
Negligently Causing harm (not aware of risk)
Strict Liability for Causing harm (legal but not moral liability)
____ is a doctrine that holds a person liable
for any injuries or damages caused by their products
or actions, even if they had no intent to harm and
were not at fault
Strict liability
T or F
An injured party needs to prove negligence or fault in order to receive damages under strict liability.
F.
They do not need to prove
t or f
if a defendant uses safety precautions and posts warnings even if the action falls under the theory of
strict liability law, they are not be held liable.
F
they should be held liable as long as it falls under strict liability law. This is to encouarge safety measures
Example:
Zoo, Ciggarette, Coke and Alcohol, rat poison, wet floor
7 Common Impediments to Responsibility
– The porblem of many hands
– Blind spots (self decption, willdul blindness, inattentional blindness)
– Normalizing deviance
– Egoistic Perspective (self interest first)
– Egocentric perspective (assuming others see matters as we do)
– Microscopoic vision (missing the bigger picture)
– Uncritical deference to authority
- Not noticing may in many instances be what we might call ____
willful blindness.
This selective looking, as Neisser called it, is now labeled _____
inattentional blindness.
_____ describes this phenomenon as occurring when people within an organization become so insensitive to DEVIANT PRACTICE that it no longer feels wrong.
Normalization of deviance
read only
- An illusion of invulnerability of the group to failure
- A strong “we-feeling” that views outsiders as adversaries or enemies and encourages shared stereotypes of others
- Rationalizations that tend to shift responsibility to others
- An illusion of morality that assumes the inherent morality of the group and thereby discourages careful examination of the moral implications of what the group is doing
- A tendency of individual members toward self-censorship, resulting from a desire not to “rock the boat”
- An illusion of unanimity, construing silence of a group member as consent
- An application of direct pressure on those who show signs of disagreement, often exercised by the group leader who intervenes in an effort to keep the group unified
- Mindguarding, or protecting the group from dissenting views by preventing their introduction (e.g., by outsiders who wish to present their views to the group)48
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