IS Lab Quiz 1 (M 1-2) Flashcards
It contains SPECIFIC DATA like info about a particular employee or a product
Record
RECORD:
It contains data about ONE ASPECT of the Table subject, such as first name or email address
Field
Each record has a _______. Example being Contoso, Ltd.
Field value
Note
Record: A row like (123, John, Doe, Manager, 70,000) is a complete record for a particular employee.
Field: The columns are fields (Employee ID, First Name, Last Name, Position, Salary).
Field Value: The specific values in the fields, such as John for the field First Name or Manager for the field Position.
It is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in al computer system.
Database
___ is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS).
Database
_____ served as the only method of file storage and retrieval before the advent of database management systems
File system data maagement system
What are 4 main limitations of file management system?
Data redundancy
Limited User Access
Lack of Storage and Access Standards
Lack of Transactions
A limitation where multiple users at diff workstations cant access the same (important) data simultaneously
Limited User Access
A type of database that suffer from poor accessibility, redundancy, lack of standard file access and inorganized data
Flat file database
Since flat file databases rely on files that contain record as text without any structural data, they cant relate data from one file to another. This causes ______
data redundancy
Since flat file system relies on files or store data, it necessarily relies on the file system that defines how those files are stored and read. This causes ____
lack of storage and access standards
requesting data from a flat file database simply retrieves data from a single file. requesting and retrieving data from various files at the same time is impossible. This is an example of _____
lack of transactions
____ is defined as a software system that allows the user to define create and maintain the database and provide CONTROL ACCESS to the data. it is a COLLECTION of programs used for MANAGING data and simultaneously supports differnt types of user to create manage retrieve update and store info.
Database Management System
What are the 9 advantages of DBMS
– redundancy problem can be solved
– high security level
– Presence of Data Integrity
– Support Multiple users
– Avoidance of inconsistency
– Shared Data
– Enforcement of Standards
– Restricted unauthorized accesss
– provide backup of data
What are 3 main levels of data abstraction?
– Physical or Internal Level
– Logical or Conceptual Level
– View or External Level
ARRANGEMENT BEING:
VIEW LEVEL
LOGICAL LEVEL
PHYSICAL LEVEL
one of the 3 main levels of DBMS
It tells us how the data is actually stored in memory. Usability, size of memory, and the number of times records are factors that we need to know while designing the database.
Physical or Internal Level
AKA lowest level of data abstraction
one of the 3 main levels of DBMS
This level comprises the info that is actually stored in the database in the form of tables. it also stores the relationship among data entities in relatively simple structures.
The info available to the user a the view level is unknown.
Logical or conceptual level
one of the 3 main levels of DBMS
it describes the entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures. it may involve complex physical level structures but users at this level does not need to be aware of this complexity.
Logical or Conceptual level
logical level may involve complex physical level structures but users at this level does not need to be aware of this complexity. this is referred to as ___
physical data independence
one of the 3 main levels of DBMS
Only a part of the actual database is viewed by the users. this level exists to ease the accessibility of the database by an individual user. users view data i nthe form of rows and columns. tables and relations are used to store data. users can view and interact with the database, but storage and implementation details are hidden from them.
View or External level
aka HIghest level of abstraction
________ = will contain block of storages (GB, TB)
________ = will contain the fields and the attributes of data
________ = works with CLI or GUI access of database
- physical
- logical
- view
_____ is mainly defined as a propert of DBMS that helps you to change the data base schema at one level of a system without requiring changing the schema at the next level.
Data indepdendence
_____ helps to keep the data separated from al programs that makes use of it.
Data independence
2 levels of abstraction under data independence are?
1 Physical level data indep
2.Logical level data indep
one of the 2 levels of abstraction under data independence:
refers to the caharteristics of being able to modify the physical schema without any alterations to the conceptual or logical schema. the conceptual structure of the data would not be affected by any change in storage size of the data base system server. q
Physical level data independence
The alterations to the ______ structure may include
— utilizing new storage
— modifying data structure used for storage
— altering indexes or using alternative file organization techniques.
Physical structure
one of the 2 levels of abstraction under data independence:
Refers to being able to modify the logical schema without affecting the external schema or app program. user view of the data would not be affected by any changes to the conceptual view of the data.
logical level data indep
The alterations to the ______ structure may include:
— insertion or deletion of attributes
— altering table strucutes entites
— its relationship schema
logical
_____ defines the logical design and structure of a database. it defines how data will be stored accessed and updated in a database management system
database model
What are 7 types of database model?
— heirarchical model
— network model
— entity relationship model
— relational model
— object oriented model
— noSQL model
— Graph Model
One of the 7 types of database model
— organizes data into a treelike structure with a single root to which all data is linked
— starts from root data, then expands adding child nodes to parent node
hierarchical model
aka:
— uses one to many relationships
One of the 7 types of database model
— organized like a graph and allowed to have more than one parent node.
— data is more related as more relationships are established in this model, hence accessing the data is faster and easier
Network model
aka:
— extension of hierarchical model
— uses many to many data relationships
One of the 7 types of database model
- relationships are created by dividing objects of interest into entities and their characteristics into attributes.
- different entities are related using relationships.
- defined to represent relationships in pictorial form
- will be turned into tables in a relational model
Entity relationship ER model
One of the 7 types of database model
– the data is organized in 2 dimensional tables and the relationship is maintained by storing a common field.
– all info related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
Relational model
(1970 by E.F Cod)
Tables are knwon as Relations
One of the 7 types of database model
– data is stored in the form of objects
– its name describes its behavior
– example: ODBMS MongoDB
— Not mature enough compared to relational database model
Object Oriented Model
One of the 7 types of database model
— supports an unstructured style of storing data
— stored as documents
— documents look more like JSON strings or Key Value based object representations
— flexible schema
— had features like indexing
— limited support for data querying
NoSQL Model
One of the 7 types of database model
— based on more real world like relationships
— represented using nodes or entities
— nodes are leted using edges
— expample: Ne4j
Graph Model
2 types of DBMS architectures are?
— Client/Server DBMS
— distributed DBMS
One of the 2 types of DBMS architectures
In _____, the database is CENTRALIZED located on the server and clients (users or application) request for certain data from it
— Client/Server DBMS
One of the 2 types of DBMS architectures
It is developed to deal with various computing environments that have a large number of computers and servers connected together via a network.
— Client/Server DBMS
In a Client/Server DBMS,
A ___ is a user machine which provides the user interface and local processing capabilities.
– Client
In a Client/Server DBMS,
A _____ is capable of providing the functionality needed by the client
Server
5 advantages of Client/Server DBMS
3 Disadvantages of of Client/Server DBMS
Advantage:
– Data is centralized (stored in one place)
– Simple in design
– Simple backup and recovery
– Up gradation Replacement is easier
Disadvantage
– Continous maintenance (since constance monitor daw)
– Security related issues
– Scalability related issues (madali maoverload)
One of the 2 types of DBMS architectures
______ distributes data across multiple server or nodes and they are interconnected with themselves. It is distributed over the geographical sites where each site is aa complete database system site on its end but the different sites have to work together because if any user wants to access data, it can easily access data everywhere.
Distributed DBMS
3 advantages of Distributed DBMS
3 Disadvantages of Distributed DBMS
Advantage:
– Failure Tolerance (can function even when server is down)
– Scalability
– Efficient in Performance
Disadvantage
– Complex in design
– data inconsistency
– cost
ER model describes the structure of a database with the help of diagram, aka __.
It shows the relationship among sets. An entity set is a group of similar entities and these entities can have attributes.
ER diagram
ER Diagram has 3 main components which are
– entity
– attribute
– relationship
_____ is an boject or component data, represented as rectangle in an ER diagram.
Entity
it is an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes and relies on the relationship with other entity
Weak entity
Example: Bank account (unknown type of bank and account)
No key attributes
____ describes the property of an entity. it is represented as oval in an er diagram
attribute
What are 4 types of attributes
– key attributes
– composite attribute
– multivalued attribute
– derived attribute
______ can uniquely identify an entity from an entity set.
key attributes
Example “Roll Number” VERY UNIQUE and naka underline
_____ is an attribute that is a combination of other attribute
Composite attribute
Example: Address is a composite attribute because it is composed of other attributes like:
Pin, country, state
___ is an attribute that can hold multiple values. it is represented as double ovals
Multivalued attribute.
example. a person can have multiple address.
_____ is one whose value is dynamic and derived from another attribute. it is represented by dashed oval.
Derived Attribute
example: age because it changes THUS it is dynamic.
it can also be dervied from another attribute (date of birth)
_____ defines the numerical attributes of the relationship between 2 entities.
Cardinality
Types:
– 1 to 1
– 1 to M
– M to 1
– M to M
_________ represents that each set must have at least one relationship in a relationship set.
Total Participation of an entity set
_____ are unprocessed facts, figures, that have no meaningfuil interpretation of their own
Data
______ are smalles unit of data. representing a single attribtue (solumn in a table)
Field
_____ is the collection of related fields that represent a single entity (or row in a table)
record
___ collection of related tables that store organized data systematically.
database
___ is the database definition (description of database)
e.g. storage format, datatype, constraint/data validation
meta data
key aspects of IS:
- _____________ – IS provides real-time data analysis, enabling informed decision-making.
- _____________ – Automates processes, reducing human error and increasing productivity.
- ____________ – Helps businesses strategize by analyzing market trends
and customer behavior. - ____________ – Ensures secure storage, retrieval, and
processing of information. - ________ – Enhances connectivity among employees,
partners, and customers.
1 Decision-Making Support
2 Operational Efficiency
3 Competitive Advantage
4. Data Management & Security
5. Collaboration & Communication
_____ is a crucial component of an Information System
as it serves as the backbone for data storage, retrieval, and management
database management system
The relationship between IS and DBMS includes:
✓ _______ – IS relies on DBMS to store structured and
unstructured data efficiently.
✓ ________ – DBMS ensures data consistency, integrity, and access control within an IS.
✓ ________ – IS uses DBMS to query, analyze, and generate reports from large datasets.
✓ ________ – A well-optimized DBMS ensures that IS can handle growing data needs effectively.
1 Data Storage & Organization
2 Data Integrity & Security
3 Data Retrieval & Processing
4 Scalability & Performance
4 functionalities of DBMS:
❑ ______ – specifying the data type, structures, and constraints for the data to be stored.
❑ _______ – process of storing the data on some storage medium
❑ _______ – querying the database to retrieve specific data, update database, and
even generate reports.
❑ ________ – allowing multiple users and programs to access the database concurrently.
Define
Construct
Manipulate
Share
read only
First few steps in Creating Tables
1. Identify the purpose of the table
2. Define the table structure
3. Choose a Primary Key – a key that uniquely identifies each record in the table
4. Define constraints for data integrity
o NOT NULL – Ensures a column cannot have NULL values.
o UNIQUE – Ensures all values in a column are distinct.
o CHECK – Defines conditions that a column’s value must meet.
o DEFAULT – Assigns a default value if no value is provided.
k
