IR - PRELIM L2 Flashcards
Way of utilizing digital technology; to
capture and process x-ray images; faster
Digital
Process of removing background structures
(bones, tissues, and other non-vascular
structures) to visualize blood vessels with
contrast media with clear view of vascular
system
Subtraction
Imaging technique used to visualize blood
vessel
Angiography
Angio is a prefix derived from the Greek word ______ which means _______
- Angeion
- Vessel
This prefix pertains to blood vessels or related structures
Angio
A medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside of blood vessels.
Angiogram
A procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, typically arteries.
Angioplasty
This pertains to the formation of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
DSA stands for _______
Digital Subtraction Angiography
This is an imaging technique used
primarily to visualize blood vessels, especially for detecting abnormalities such as blockages, aneurysms, or stenosis.
Digital Subtraction Angiography
The first angiograms were done in the _________ using x-ray technology and a contrast medium injected into the blood vessels
1920’s
What year were subtraction techniques introduced to improve image clarity
1960’s
Subtraction techniques are performed to meet a goal of enhancing the _________ by subtracting static structures
Visibility of Blood Vessels
TRUE OR FALSE
Subtraction techniques are applied with automatic processing and digital radiography.
FALSE
Subtraction techniques were MANUAL and required FILM-BASED PROCESSES.
The first commercially available DSA systems were developed in _____
1978
________ and ________ further improved the ability to assess complex vascular structures, especially in the brain and coronary arteries.
3D Imaging and High Resolution Digital Subtraction
DSA remains as one of the _________ in certain cases, especially when precise imaging and interventions are required.
Gold Standard
A Portuguese neurologist who developed the technique of contrast x-ray cerebral angiography to diagnose diseases
Egas Moniz
In what year did Moniz develop contrast x-ray cerebral angiography
1927
The conventional subtraction technique in angiographhy was also known as _________
Film-based Subtraction Angiography
The idea of subtraction images was first proposed by the Dutch radiologist _________ in ______
- Ziedses des Plantes
- 1935
This procedure helped to reduce the visual interference from bones, tissues, and other static structures, allowing a clearer view of the blood vessels.
Conventional Subtraction Technique in Angiography
Enumerate the four (4) limits of Conventional Subtraction Technique in Angiography
- Manual Subtraction
- Time Consuming
- Radiation Exposure
- Lower Image Quality
The core idea behind conventional
subtraction is to take ____ sets of X-ray
images
Two
The two images required to be taken in conventional subtraction include:
- Initial (Mask) Image
- Subsequent (Contrast-enhanced / Angiographic) Image
This is a baseline image taken before the
injection of contrast dye. It shows the structures of the body (bones, tissues, etc.),
but not the blood vessels, since they haven’t
been highlighted yet
Initial (Mask) Image
A second X-ray image is taken. This image shows both the blood vessels (highlighted by the contrast) and the surrounding structures
Subsequent (Contrast-enhanced / Angiographic) Image
The machine includes a high-powered X-ray
tube that emits X-rays directed at the patient. The X-rays are used to create images of the internal structures, especially blood vessels, after the contrast dye is injected.
X-ray Source
Captures the x-ray images and converts the x-ray data into digital signals
Detector System
A powerful computer that processes the raw data from the detector, performing digital subtraction and enhancing the clarity of the blood vessels
Workstation / Computer System
A device used to inject the contrast material
into the bloodstream. This system is
synchronized with the imaging process to
capture the vascular images at the right
moments
Contrast Injection System
A movable table allows for precise positioning of the patient during the procedure, ensuring accurate imaging from multiple angles.
Patient Table / Positioning System
In modern DSA machines, a _______ can
rotate around the patient to capture images
from multiple angles, improving the accuracy and detail of the vascular image
Angiography Systems with Rotating C-Arms
DSA systems can be _______ or _______
Fixed or Mobile
What is the therapeutic intervention for Aneurysm ?
Thrombolysis
What is the therapeutic intervention for Pseudoaneurysm ?
Thrombectomy
What is the therapeutic intervention for Non-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ?
Embolisation
What is the therapeutic intervention for Arterial Dissection or Laceration ?
Stenting
What are the foremost contraindications for DSA (3):
- Poor Renal Reserve
- Deranged Coagulogram
- Allergic to Contrast Media
Dense fluids with elements of high
atomic numbers that help create detailed images of the blood vessels in real-time
Contrast Media / Agents
First contrast media for IV injection was called _______
High-Osmolar Contrast Media (HOCM)
The measure of particle concentration in a solution
Osmolality
Enumerate the steps for Patient Pre-procedural Prep:
- Medical History and Evaluation
- Blood Test
- Discontinuing Medication
- Fasting
- Consent
Enumerate the steps for Team Pre-procedural Prep:
- Sterilization
- Monitoring Set-up
- Sedation or Anesthesia
Enumerate the steps for Main Procedure:
- Contrast Injection
- Positioning
- Imaging
Enumerate the steps for Post-Procedural Care:
- Observation
- Hydration
- Activity Restriction
- Check the Insertion Site
Enumerate the potential Risks and Complications to Discuss:
- Allergic Reaction
- Kidney Issues
- Bleeding or Infection
- Radiation Exposure
One example of a contrast agent used in DSA is _____
Iodine
Non-vascular structures are also called as _______ structures
Static
In DSA, a contrast dye is injected into the
bloodstream, and a __________ of X-ray images are taken.
Series
