iphp Flashcards by bsbbj ndncj

rational attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental questions

philosophy

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greek words of philosophy and its meaning

philean - love
sophia - wisdom

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where does philosophy originated?

origin is ancient greece, in the city of miletus, around 6 BCE

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philosophy comes from the two greek words, philo and sophia, which means love of wisdom

etymological

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philosophy is a search of meaning or to look for something

reality

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according to him, wisdom is knowledge about universe

pythagoras

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according to him, wisdom is possession of virtue and power

sophists

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according to him, wisdom is awareness of ignorance

socrates

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BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY:

the science of evaluating arguments. it is the study of the formal structures of sound thinking and good argumentation

logic

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BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY:

the study of knowledge deals with issues of knowledge, truth, reason, and faith

epistomology

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BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY:

the study of ultimate nature of reality. deals with the issues of reality, God, freedom and the soul

metaphysics

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BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY:

the study of values. deals with issues of value in three areas

axiology

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VALUE OF AXIOLOGY:

the study of moral principles. attempts to establish rational grounds for good conduct

ethics

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VALUE OF AXIOLOGY:

the study of the value judgements operative in civil society. the study of foundations and the nature of society and a state

social/political philosophy

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VALUE OF AXIOLOGY:

understanding of such concepts as “beauty” and “expression”

aesthetics

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a reasonable measure of the correctness of a statement, idea, or belief

truth

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DOMAINS OF TRUTH:

refers to the truths that are established based on abstracted theories

objective

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DOMAINS OF TRUTH:

truth is analogous with (not the exact equivalent) of a general agreement or consensus on what is right as opposed to what is wrong

social

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DOMAINS OF TRUTH:

truths are biased towards the person who established it

personal

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a subjective statement that expresses certain belief

opinion

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state that something is true because you believed it to be true

justification

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an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition of the world is true

belief

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state that something is true if it is corresponds to reality

correspondence

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the truthfulness of a persons judgement is biased on their belief

coherent theory

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holds that a preposition is true if its useful

pragmatism

features of philo.

1. articulation 2. justification 3. believing 4. synthesis

living like a philo.

1. rationalizing 2. analyzing 3. reflection 4. testing 5. production of criticism

doing philo w/ style

1. imagination 2. style 3. critical thinking 4. problem 5. your ideas 6. argument

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when someone tries to win the argument by exploiting emotional sympathy

appeal to pity or ad misericordiam

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when someone use force or threat

appeal to force or ad baculum

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when a claim is considered true because it has not been proven

appeal to ignorance or ad ignorantiam

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when attempts to use the emotions of a group or crowd

appeal to people or ad populum

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when someone claims a decision will lead to a series of consequences

slippery slope

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: attacking the person or some aspect of the person instead the argument

attack against man or ad hominem

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: making a broad conclusion based on a small evidences

hasty generalization

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: occurs when someone incorrectly assumes

false cause

FALLACY IN ARGUMENT: a claim is true because an expert says it is

appeal to authority

general to specific

deductive reasoning

specific to general

inductive reasoning

inseparable union of body and soul

christian philosophy

being materialized or incarnated

embodied

-spirit being incarnated -body is not separated from the soul, just as the soul is not separated from the body

embodied spirit

an inherent contradiction between body and soul

dichotomy

according to him, soul existed prior to the body

plato

3 LEVELS OF SOUL: 1. plants 2. animals 3. human

1. vegetative 2. sensitive 3. rational

things in our lives that are already given the moment we are born

facticity

TYPE OF SOUL: -enables human to think, reflect, etc. -highest of all parts of the soul

rational soul

TYPE OF SOUL: drives human to experience emotional feelings

spiritual soul

TYPE OF SOUL: drives human person to experience physical wants

appetitive

the fact that we are born, time already sets limitations

spatial-temporal being

level of temporality: we will not live forever

finitude

body serves as an intermediary between us and the physical world

body as intermediary

limitations can lead to possibilities

transcended

the long term alternation of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place

climate change

focuses on the interests of all species and natural features of earth's ecosystems

ecocentric model

is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of human being with the environment and its non-human content

environment philosophy

human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world

anthropocentric model

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) communion with the Christian God

immortality

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) relationship with Christian God

self

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) finding God's love

inner peace

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) image of God

human mind

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) ordered love

virtue

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) knowledge on how to act

prudence

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) obedience to God

justice

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) self-control

temperance

ST. AGUSTINE DUALISM (SOUL & BODY) fight irritational fears and desires

courage

ANCIENT THINKER: -biophilia and cosmophilia -he described that the universe as living embodiment of nature's order, harmony, and beauty

pythagoras

ANCIENT THINKER: -creation and destruction -he employed the term "boundless" to convey the further thought that nature is indeterminate or boundless

anaximander

MODERN THINKER: -critique of judgement -beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality

immanuel kant

MODERN THINKER: -humanity had dominated nature -change our perception

herbert marcuse

MODERN THINKER: -duties and responsibilities -we do not have rights, but duties

george herbert mead

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: -honored in antiquity as the first to bring philo. to the greek world -the founder of geometry as a systematic study

pythagoras

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: the first philosopher to ask questions about the structure and nature of the cosmos as a whole

thales of miletus

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: he made the first map of the world, and invented both a sundial and an all-weather clock

anaximander

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: in its stable state, wind is invisible, but when it is moved and condensed it becomes first wind and then cloud and then water and finally water condensed becomes mud and stone

anaximenes

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: the first philosopher of religion, and some of the arguments he propounded are still taken seriously by his successors

xenophanes of colophone

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: he wrote in paradoxes, claiming that the universe is divisible and invisible, mortal and immortal, generate and un-generated, etc.

heraclitus

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: he claimed that man and everything is composed of atom a matter which is not infinitely divisible

democritus

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: went about questioning people were held to be wise in their own estimation and that of others

socrates

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: was born in a wealthy family during the last days of athenian empire -the republic -theory of forms -platonic love

plato

socrates' famous student

plato

plato's student

aristotle

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: -he rejected plato's theory of forms -he argued that forms are intrinsic to the objects and cannot exist apart from them, and so must be studies in reflection to them

aristotle

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: his philosophy is to make happiness possible by removing fear of death

epicurus

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: he argues that skeptics have no basis for claiming to know that there is no knowledge

st. augustine of hippo

WESTERN PHILOSOPHER: he thought about philo as the disciple that investigates what we can know naturally about God and human beings

st. thomas aquinas

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: he claimed to speak directly w/ his God. his teaching proclaimed a state of eternal struggle between good and evil

zoroaster

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: he stands out as a thinker of exceptional power and versality

avicenna

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: he argues that if God had created the world at a particular time, this mean that God underwent some change

ibn rushd

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: known as the buddha, the enlightened one

siddhartha gautama

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: founder of daoism/taoism

laozi or lao tzu

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: he regarded human beings as organic wholes

mencius

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER: his philo was predominantly a moral and political one

confucius