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midterms reviewer > els > Flashcards

els Flashcards

1
Q

is all space and time, celestial matters, and other forms of energy and matter

A

universe

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2
Q

content or composition of the universe

A

-baryonic matter
-dark matter
-dark energy

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3
Q

building block of galaxies

A

stars

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4
Q

small, rocky debris that orbit the sun

A

asteroid

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5
Q

building blocks of the universe

A

galaxies

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6
Q

a system of a sun and the objects that moves around it

A

solar system

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7
Q

the study of the origin of universe

A

cosmology

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8
Q

hypothesis about the universe that is built upon religion and beliefs prior to the scientific theories

A

religious cosmologies

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9
Q

leucippus and democritus believed that the universe starts w/ an atom

A

atomic universe

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10
Q

aristotle and ptolemy states that earth is a center of all things

A

geocentric universe

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11
Q

the sun is at the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around the sun

A

theory helocentric

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12
Q

what are the three theories of the universe?

A

-steady state theory/infinite universe
-pulsating/oscillating theory
-big bang theory

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13
Q

who proposed steady state theory/infinite universe?

A

fred hoyle, thomas gold, and herman bondi

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14
Q

it states that the universe has been present ever since

A

steady state theory/infinite universe

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15
Q

it states that the universe contract-expand

A

pulsating/oscillating theory

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16
Q

it states that the universe began as an extremely hot and dense point and has been expanding ever since

A

big bang theory

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17
Q

what belt is between mars and jupiter?

A

asteroid belt

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18
Q

what belt is between neptune and pluto?

A

kuiper belt

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19
Q

has the sun, planets, dwarf planet, comet, asteroids, and meteors

A

solar system

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20
Q

a gravitationally bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit it

A

solar system

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21
Q

what are the solar system hypotheses?

A

-nebular
-encounter
-capture theory
-solar fission
-interstellar theory

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22
Q

the sun and a passing star (rogue star) interacted w/ each other

A

encounter theory

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23
Q

posits that the solar system formed from tidal interactions between the sun and low-density protostar

A

capture theory

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24
Q

the expansion of galaxies in that stars move away from the hub and moons move away from their planets

A

solar fission theory

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25
Q

the sun, in its present form, passed through a dense interstellar cloud and emerged enveloped in a cloud of dust and gas, from which the planets eventually formed

A

interstellar theory

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26
Q

what are the earth’s four spheres (subsystem)

A

-lithosphere
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
-biosphere

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27
Q

region of the planet where organism live

A

biosphere

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28
Q

earth is surrounded by the blanket air

A

atmosphere

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29
Q

contains all the water found on our planet

A

hydrosphere

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30
Q

a solid, rocky crust covering the entire planet

A

lithosphere

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31
Q

what is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A

nitrogen

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32
Q

layer of the earth’s atmosphere

A

-exosphere
-thermosphere
-mesosphere
-stratosphere
-troposphere

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33
Q

1200°C
800 to 3000km
spaceships & satellites

A

exosphere

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34
Q

15 to 56.5°C
0 to 12-18km
hot air balloons & planes

A

troposphere

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35
Q

-2.5 to 86.5°C
40-50 to 80-90km
meteors & meteorological rockets

A

mesosphere

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36
Q

-86.5 to 1200°C
80-90 to 800km
aurora

A

thermosphere

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37
Q

-56.5 to -2.5°C
11 to 50km
radiosonde

A

stratosphere

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38
Q

it is the outermost layer of the earth, and sustains life

A

crust

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39
Q

what are the two parts of crust?

A
  1. continental
  2. oceanic
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40
Q

thickest layer of the earth

A

mantle

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41
Q

four different layers of mantle

A
  1. lithosphere
  2. asthenosphere
  3. peridotite
  4. lower mantle
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42
Q

responsible for generating the earth’s magnetic field

A

outer core

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43
Q

hottest layer of the earth, and the deepest layer

A

inner core

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44
Q

layers of the earth

A

-crust
-mantle
-outer core
-inner core

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45
Q

are composed of one or more minerals

A

rocks

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46
Q

are natural earth materials that must be mined from the ground

A

minerals

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47
Q

are the basic building blocks of rocks

A

minerals

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48
Q

identity of minerals

A

chemical property

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49
Q

characteristics of mineral

A

physical property

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50
Q

physical properties of minerals

A

-color
-lustre
-cleavage
-hardness
-fracture
-streak

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51
Q

they study the materials, processes, products, physical nature, and history of the earth

A

geologist

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52
Q

the visible hue of the mineral

A

color

53
Q

how minerals reflect light

A

lustre

54
Q

resistance to scratching, and measure on the mohs scale

A

hardness

55
Q

the powder color of a mineral when its dragged

A

streak

56
Q

flat surface

A

cleavage

57
Q

irregular shape

A

fracture

58
Q

5 requirements of minerals

A
  1. naturally occuring or not man made
  2. inorganic or not made by an organism
  3. solid
  4. definite chemical composition
  5. ordered internal structure
59
Q

is the scientific study of rocks. they classify rocks based on how they were formed

A

petrology

60
Q

is the study of the earth and its history

A

geology

61
Q

formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates deep within the earth

A

igneous rock

62
Q

what are the two types of igneous rock?

A
  1. extrusive/volcanic rock
  2. intrusive/plutonic rock
63
Q

forms when magma makes its way to the earth’s surface

A

extrusive/volcanic rock

64
Q

it cools slowly beneath the earth surface and are created by magma

A

intrusive/plutonic rock

65
Q

the crystal are very small (fined grained) since the cooling process is fast

A

extrusive/volcanic rock

66
Q

have a very large crystals (coarse grained)

A

intrusive/plutonic rock

67
Q

igneous rocks are classified based on 1. ____ and 2. ____

A
  1. composition
  2. texture
68
Q

light in color; fieldspar and silicates

A

felsic

69
Q

dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron

A

mafic

70
Q

between felsic and mafic

A

intermediate

71
Q

very dark color

A

ultramafic

72
Q

fined grained

A

aphanistic

73
Q

coarse grained

A

phaneritic

74
Q

large crystals w/ small crystals

A

porphyritic

75
Q

non-ordered solid from rapid quenching

A

glassy

76
Q

composite of ejected fragments

A

pyroclastic

77
Q

formed from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, seminetary

A

metamorphic rock

78
Q

metamorphic rocks are classified based on?

A

-texture
-foliation
-foliated
-non-foliated

79
Q

made up only few minerals gabbro

A

non-foliated

80
Q

size arrangement and grains within the rock

A

texture

81
Q

any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock

A

foliation

82
Q

appeared banded or layered, contains crystals

A

foliated

83
Q

provide info about surface conditions that existed in the earth’s past

A

sedimentary rock

84
Q

compaction - due to increase of pressure of layered sediments, it binds together to form ____

A

sedimentary rock

85
Q

what are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

A
  1. chemical
  2. organic
  3. clastic
86
Q

formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks & shells

A

clastic

87
Q

formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution

A

chemical

88
Q

formed when the accumulation of animal debris

A

organic

89
Q

sun heats the ground

A

radiation

90
Q

ground heats the air

A

conduction

91
Q

warm air rises

A

convection

92
Q

it is the rate of temperature change with respect to increasing depth in earth’s interior

A

geothermal gradient

93
Q

the head generated during the earth’s formation came from the ff. sources:
-accretion energy
-adiabatic compression
-core formation energy
-decay of short-lived radio-isotopes

A

primordial heat

94
Q

the heat generated by long-term radioctive decay

A

radioactive heat

95
Q

occurs at the mantle but not between the core and the mantle or even the lithosphere or asthenosphere

A

convection

96
Q

this happens when rocks in a region of earth’s crust is subjected to force of compression

A

folding

97
Q

what are the types of folds?

A

-anticline
-syncline
-monocline

98
Q

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock

A

faults

99
Q

what are the types of faults

A

-normal fault
-reverse fault
-strike-slip fault

100
Q

primary forces that continuously change the earth’s surface

A

volcanism

101
Q

a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the earth

A

magma

102
Q

give rise to magma and cause its movement to the earth

A

volcanism

103
Q

circular cone of hardened lava, ash and tephra around a single vent

A

cinder cone

104
Q

violent eruptions, and longer period between eruptions

A

composite or stratovolcanoes

105
Q

covers expulsion of gases, lava and solid materials from the opening of earth’s crust

A

volcanism

106
Q

acidic lava, which is very viscous (sticky)

A

composite or stratovolcanoes

107
Q

no layers, just consists of lava

A

shield volcano

108
Q

less violent, and shorter period between eruptions

A

shield volcano

109
Q

basic lava, which is non-acidic and very runny

A

shield volcano

110
Q

what are the four types of earthquake?

A
  1. tectonic
  2. explosion
  3. collapse
  4. volcanic
111
Q

involves the upward movement of earth’s mostly solid mantle

A

decompression melting

112
Q

occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock because these compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperature. also occurs around subduction zones

A

flux melting

113
Q

a rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it and transfer heat to their surrounding rocks at shallower depths which may melt

A

heat transfer melting

114
Q

sudden movement of a block of the earth’s crust along a geological fault and associated ground shaking

A

earthquake

115
Q

rocks breaks into smaller fragments

A

exogenic process

116
Q

minerals dissolve into elements
-dissolution
-oxidation

A

chemical weathering

117
Q

physical/naturally happening

A

mechanical weathering

118
Q

cracks and fractures or ‘nagbabalat’ ung rocks

A

exfoliation

119
Q

states that the continents were once in a large landmass called pangaea, and was proposed by alfred wegner

A

continental drift theory

120
Q

an ancient greek word means ‘all land’ or ‘entire earth’

A

pangaea

121
Q

period of visible life where rapid expansion and evolution of life

A

phanerozoic eon

122
Q

“beginning of early life”

A

paleozoic era

123
Q

“time of hidden life”

A

precambrian time

124
Q

age of reptiles or dinosaurs

A

mesozoic era

125
Q

age of mammals

A

cenozoic era

126
Q

accounts for 88% earth’s history

A

precambrian

127
Q

few rocks were deformed

A

hadean eon

128
Q

rifting continental rust

A

proterozoic

129
Q

marine rocks contains fossils remains of microscopic algae & bacteria

A

archean eon

midterms reviewer (9 decks)

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