genchem Flashcards by bsbbj ndncj

is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of MATTER

chemistry

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anything that occupies space and has mass

matter

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amount or quantity of matter

mass

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amount of space occupied

volume

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greek word of atom and its meaning and who proposed it

“atomos” means “cannot be divided” and proposed by democritus

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types and amounts of atoms that make up a sample of matter

composition

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characteristics that give each substance a unique identity

properties

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can be observed or measured without changing the identity or composition of the substance
-colour
-size
-physical state (solid, liquid, or gas)
-density

physical property

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depends on the amount of matter in sample - e.g. mass, volume, length

extensive

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depends on the type of matter - e.g. hardness, density, boiling point

intrusive

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ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction

chemical property

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phase of matter that
-holds shape
-fixed volume
-very rigid
-most dense
-can’t be compressed

solid

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phase of matter that is
-less dense
-less rigid
-has a volume
-can’t be compressed
-takes form on it’s container

liquid

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phase of matter that is
-least rigid
-can’t be compressed
-least dense
-takes form on it’s container

gas

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state of matter that is
visible to the naked eye

macroscopic

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state of matter that is
visible only with microscope

microscopic

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when a substance alters its state (phase change), but does not change its chemical composition

physical property

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when a substance is converted into a new or different substance

chemical property

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every pure substance has exactly the same characteristics, properties, and composition. it can be classified as element or compound

pure

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-simplest form of matter
-consists only one kind of atom
-building blocks for other substances

element

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-consists of two or more elements chemically bonded
-composed of the same elements, in the same proportion by mass
-represented by formula

compound

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combination of two or more substances

mixture

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a mixture in which the composition throughout is uniform

homogeneous

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the composition is not uniform

heterogenous

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used to separate two different states of matter such as liquid and solid

separation techniques

a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures

separation process

used to separate our homogeneous mixtures

evaporation

used to separate solids from liquids

filtration

a process of determining the extent of dimensions, quantity, or extent of something

measurement

most convenient system of units

international system of units (SI)

a measured quantity contains some digits that are exactly known and one digit that is estimated

uncertainty in measurement

is the uncertainty that arises from a scale reading which results from the uncontrolled variables in the measurement

random error (indeterminate error)

is the uncertainty that may come from a flaw in the equipment used or design of an experiment

systematic error (determinate error)

the consistency of a result. if you measures a quantity several times and the values agrees closely with one another, then your measurement is precise

precision

is determined when a certain quantitative value is relatively close to the "true value"

accuracy

it is a simple way to write or keep track of very large or very small numbers without having to deal w/ a lot of zeros

scientific notation

are the digits in any measurement that are known certainty with an additional one digit which is uncertain

significant figures

is one of the common measurements done in the laboratory

density measurement

the volume formula for the particular shaped is used

regularly shaped-solids

the water displacement method is used

irregularly shaped

tells how hot or cold an object is

temperature

the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume it occupies

density

father of chemistry

antoine lavoisier

during chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. the numbers of atoms remains constant throughout the reaction. the mass must remain constant as well

laws of conversation of mass

who proposed the law of conservation of mass?

antoine lavoisier

who proposed the law of constant composition

joseph proust

states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation

law of constant composition

who proposed law of multiple proportion

john dalton

whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers

law of multiple proportion

an english physicist who discovered neutrons

james chadwick

who discovered proton

ernest rutherford

IDENTIFY WHOSE ATOMIC MODEL: -solid sphere -atoms are small, invisible -can't be divided, created, destroyed -an element = identical -different elements = different properties -atoms of different elements combine to form compounds

john dalton atomic model

-plum pudding model -speculated that the atom is made up of even smaller particles -explain the neutrality of an atom -cathode ray experiment

j.j thomson's plum pudding model

-nucleus - the center of the atom -atoms are mainly empty pace -positive charge is concentrated at the center of atom, the nucleus -electrons move around the nucleus

ernest rutherford nuclear model

-electrons orbit the nucleus -the orbit have specific size and energy -the energy is related to it size -the lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit -electrons can move between each shell when gaining or losing energy

niels bohr's planetary model

-electrons move around the nucleus in 'a cloud' not 'orbits' -orbital helps us predict the area where we can find electrons -the closer position to the nucleus, the higher chance to find electrons

erwin schrodinger quantum mechanical model

solid sphere model

john dalton

plum pudding model

j.j thomson

nuclear model

ernest rutherford

planetary model

niels bohr

quantum mechanical model

erwin schrodinger

equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

atomic mass

equal to the number of protons

atomic number

atoms of the same element having the same numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons

isotope

metals are positive ions

cations

non-metals are negative ions

canions

(IONIC) the charge on the metal ions follows the name of the metal in roman numerals in parenthesis

stock method

(IONIC) preferred method of naming

stock method

(IONIC) -involves using latin root names of the metal -use OUS for the higher charge, IC for lower

classical method

uses mono, di, tri, tetra, etc. and an IDE ending

naming of covalent compound

the calculation of product and reactants in a chemical RxN

stoichiometry

greek words for stoichiometry and its meaning

stoichio - elements metry - measurements

number of molecules that participate in the RxN

coefficient

number of atoms in an element

subscript

combination of 2 non-metal

covalent compound

combination of metal and non-metal

ionic compound