Ionic And Covalant Bonding Ch. 6

Question 1

What is water crystallisation

Answer 1

Water that is chemically combined in definite proportions in a crystalline compound

Question 2

What is the octet rule

Answer 2

All atoms are looking to have a full outer shell of 8 electrons

Question 3

Hydroxide

Answer 3

OH-

Question 4

Carbonate

Answer 4

CO3 2-

Question 5

Nitrate

Answer 5

NO3 -

Question 6

Hydrogencarbonate

Answer 6

HCO3-

Question 7

Sulfite

Answer 7

SO3 2-

Question 8

Sulfate

Answer 8

SO4 2-

Question 9

Phosphate

Answer 9

PO4 3-

Question 10

Dichromate

Answer 10

Cr2O7 2-

Question 11

Ethanoate

Answer 11

CH3COO -

Question 12

Ammonium

Answer 12

NH4 +

Question 13

Manganate(VII)

Answer 13

MnO4 -

Question 14

Chromate

Answer 14

CrO4 -

Question 15

Exceptions to the octet rule

Answer 15

Beryllium and boron do not have enough electrons in their outer shell to get 8 electrons, d-block elements don’t obey the rule Hydrogen and lithium tend to reach the electronic structure of helium.

Question 16

What is an ionic bond

Answer 16

The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 17

What do iconic bonds form

Answer 17

Three dimensional lattice structures

Question 18

What is a covalent bond

Answer 18

Formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

Question 19

What is sigma bonding

Answer 19

Involves the end on overlap of p-orbitals and s-orbitals, stronger than pi bonding and occurs first

Question 20

What are pi bonds

Answer 20

Involves the side on overlap of p-orbitals, forms the 2nd and 3rd bond and is weaker than sigma bonds

Question 21

What kind of bond occurs when two oxygen atoms bond

Answer 21

Pure covalent bond, forms a molecule of oxygen (O2)

Question 22

Define electronegativity

Answer 22

The relative attraction of an atom for shared pairs of electrons in a covalent bond

Question 23

What three factors affect the electronegativity of an element

Answer 23

Nuclear charge, atomic radius, screening effect

Question 24

General trend for electronegativity across a period

Answer 24

Electronegativity increases due to a larger nuclear charge and a smaller atomic radius

Question 25

General trend for electronegativity down a group

Answer 25

Electronegativity decreases due to an increase in the screening effect and an increase in atomic radius

Question 26

Electronegativity difference < 1.7

Answer 26

Polar covalant

Question 27

Electronegativity difference < 0.4

Answer 27

Covalant (slight polarity)

Question 28

Electronegativity difference > 1.7

Answer 28

Ionic

Question 29

Properties of Ionic compounds

Answer 29

High melting point, conduct electricity when molten or in an aqueous solution, hard solids

Question 30

Properties of covalent compounds

Answer 30

Low melting points, do not conduct electricity in the liquid state, are gases, liquids or soft solids

Question 31

How do you purify covalent compounds

Answer 31

Via recrystallization