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Bio225 Exam 4 > Ion Exchange 2 > Flashcards

Ion Exchange 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The conversion of ammonium to uric acid or urea is dependent on what

A

Energy

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2
Q

Animals excrete ___ & ___ & ___

A

Ammonium, Urea, Uric acid

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3
Q

Ammoni(a/um) can be controlled and transported as

A

Glutamine

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4
Q

What happens after ammoni(a/um) is converted to glutamine

A
  1. Transported to other tissues

2. Deaminated by glutaminase - releasing ammonia and glutamate

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5
Q

What is GDH

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

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6
Q

What is GS

A

Glutamine synthesis (Know the pathway in the slide!)

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7
Q

In what cycle is urea produced

A

Orthinine-urea cycle (Know the pathway in the slide!)

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8
Q

What does CPS stand for

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase

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9
Q

Where is urea produced

A

Liver

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10
Q

What happens after urea is produced

A

Released into the blood, then excreted by the kidney

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11
Q

What are the kidney’s role in homeostasis

A

1) Ion Balance
2) Osmotic Balance
3) Blood Pressure
4) pH Balance
5) Excretion
6) Hormone Production (metabolism/conversion)

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12
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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13
Q

Where does the efferent arteriole go to

A

Away from the kidney

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14
Q

Where does the afferent arteriole go to

A

To the kidney (Bowman’s Capsule)

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15
Q

What forms filtration sites in the epithelium of the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Podocytes

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16
Q

Fenestration by podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule allows for what

A

Allows fluids and solutes to flow into the Bowman’s Capsule

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17
Q

What do podocytes prevent the filtration of into the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Proteins

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18
Q

What is in the filtrate of the Bowman’s Capsule

A
  1. Salt
  2. Glucose
  3. Vitamins
  4. Nitrogenous wastes
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19
Q

What is the lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule called

A

Ultrafiltrate

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20
Q

What is the driving force that pushes material into the glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule

A
  1. Hydrostatic Pressure

2. Oncontic pressure

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21
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the glomerulus does what

A

Vasoconstriction (Reduction in blood flow)

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22
Q

How is the glomerulus locally regulated

A

Stretch-sensitive ion channels

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23
Q

What are the stretch-sensitive ion channels in the glomerulus responsible for

A

Contracts upon stimulation/depolarization

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24
Q

How are stretch-sensitive ion channels activated

A

Increased blood pressure

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25
Q

Where are the stretch-sensitive ion channels located

A

Membrane of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle

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26
Q

What does GFR stand for

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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27
Q

What is the osmolarity relationship between primary urine and blood

A

Iso-osmotic

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28
Q

How much of the volume of the primary urine is recovered by the kidney

A

99%

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29
Q

What is the average GFR

A

~7.5 L/hr (~45 gallons/day)

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30
Q

The total blood volume is filtered through the renal tubules in approximately ___ min

A

40 minutes

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31
Q

How much primary urine do we produce per hour

32
Q

How much final urine do we excrete per hour

33
Q

What happens to the primary urine as it goes through the nephron’s tubule

A

Solutes are reabsorbed (TO the blood) and secreted (TO the urine)

34
Q

Where does most solute and water reabsorption occur in the nephron

A

Proximal Tubule

35
Q

What solutes are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through ACTIVE transport

A
  1. Na+
  2. H+
  3. Glucose
  4. Amino acids
  5. Vitamins (organic molecules)
36
Q

What solutes are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through PASSIVE transport

A
  1. Cl-
  2. K+
  3. NH3 (urea)
  4. HCO3-
37
Q

What is happening on the apical side of the proximal tubule

A

Secondary active transport of Na+ & Glucose (faces lumen of proximal tubule)

38
Q

What is happening on the basolateral side of the proximal tubule

A

Primary active transport of Na+ & K+ (faces blood of proximal tubule)

39
Q

As the Na+/Cl- concentration in the blood increases, what direction does water move in respect with the proximal tubule

A

Out of the proximal tubule, into the blood and the primary urine is still iso-osmotic

40
Q

What does the Loop of Henle consist of

A

Descending limb, Ascending limb, Countercurrent exchanger/multiplier

41
Q

What is the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle specialized for

A

Reabsorption of water into the kidney interstitial fluid FROM the lumen (out of the tubule)

42
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle specialized for

A

Reclaiming the solutes into the kidney interstitial fluid FROM the lumen (out of the tubule)

43
Q

What is created as a result of the thin descending loop of henle and the thick ascending loop of henle

A

An osmotic gradient which makes the Loop of Henle a countercurrent exchanger

44
Q

What happens in the distal tubule of the nephron

A
  1. K+ is secreted (into the lumen)

2/ Na+ & Water are reclaimed (into the interstitial fluid)

45
Q

What happens in the collecting duct of the nephron

A
  1. K+ is secreted (into the lumen)

2/ Na+ & Water are reclaimed (into the interstitial fluid)

46
Q

What parts of the nephron can be regulated by hormones

A

Distal Tubule & Collecting Duct

47
Q

When the collecting duct is passing through the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney, what is it permeable to

A

Water only (comes in)

48
Q

When the collecting duct is passing through the inner medulla of the kidney, what is it permeable to

A

Urea & Water (goes out)

49
Q

What is vasopressin (ADH, AVP)

A

Anti-diuretic that alters the permeability of the collecting duct to water.

50
Q

Vasopressin molecular pathway

A
  1. Vasopressin binds to GPCR
  2. G-protein activates Adenlyl cyclase
  3. ATP to cAMP
  4. Activates PKA
  5. Stimulates aquaporin vesicles to fuse with membrane
51
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases Na+ reclamation from the urine, thereby increasing water reclamation.

52
Q

Aldosterone molecular pathway

A
  1. Since steroid, diffuses into nucleus and binds to transcription factor
  2. Transcribes genes for protein channel transporters
  3. Proteins made in ER
  4. Exported by vesicles
  5. Fuse with membrane
53
Q

What does Renin/Angiotensin do

A

Regulates blood pressure (see pathway on slide!)

54
Q

What is happening on the apical side of the proximal tubule

A

Secondary active transport of Na+ & Glucose (faces lumen of proximal tubule)

55
Q

What is happening on the basolateral side of the proximal tubule

A

Primary active transport of Na+ & K+ (faces blood of proximal tubule)

56
Q

As the Na+/Cl- concentration in the blood increases, what direction does water move in respect with the proximal tubule

A

Out of the proximal tubule, into the blood and the primary urine is still iso-osmotic

57
Q

What does the Loop of Henle consist of

A

Descending limb, Ascending limb, Countercurrent exchanger/multiplier

58
Q

What is the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle specialized for

A

Reabsorption of water into the kidney interstitial fluid FROM the lumen (out of the tubule)

59
Q

What is the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle specialized for

A

Reclaiming the solutes into the kidney interstitial fluid FROM the lumen (out of the tubule)

60
Q

What is created as a result of the thin descending loop of henle and the thick ascending loop of henle

A

An osmotic gradient which makes the Loop of Henle a countercurrent exchanger

61
Q

What happens in the distal tubule of the nephron

A
  1. K+ is secreted (into the lumen)

2/ Na+ & Water are reclaimed (into the interstitial fluid)

62
Q

What happens in the collecting duct of the nephron

A
  1. K+ is secreted (into the lumen)

2/ Na+ & Water are reclaimed (into the interstitial fluid)

63
Q

What parts of the nephron can be regulated by hormones

A

Distal Tubule & Collecting Duct

64
Q

When the collecting duct is passing through the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney, what is it permeable to

A

Water only (comes in)

65
Q

When the collecting duct is passing through the inner medulla of the kidney, what is it permeable to

A

Urea & Water (goes out)

66
Q

What is vasopressin (ADH, AVP)

A

Anti-diuretic that alters the permeability of the collecting duct to water.

67
Q

Vasopressin molecular pathway

A
  1. Vasopressin binds to GPCR
  2. G-protein activates Adenlyl cyclase
  3. ATP to cAMP
  4. Activates PKA
  5. Stimulates aquaporin vesicles to fuse with membrane
68
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases Na+ reclamation from the urine, thereby increasing water reclamation.

69
Q

Aldosterone molecular pathway

A
  1. Since steroid, diffuses into nucleus and binds to transcription factor
  2. Transcribes genes for protein channel transporters
  3. Proteins made in ER
  4. Exported by vesicles
  5. Fuse with membrane
70
Q

What does Renin/Angiotensin do

A

Regulates blood pressure by regulating Aldosterone (see pathway on slide!)

71
Q

What is ANP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

72
Q

What does ANP do

A

Reduces blood volume & blood pressure

73
Q

What is natriuresis

A

Sodium excretion

74
Q

What is diuresis

A

Increased urine production

75
Q

What does ANP do

A
  1. Increases glomerular filtration rate
  2. Decreases renin production
  3. Vasodilation

Bio225 Exam 4 (6 decks)

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