Ion Exchange 2 Flashcards
The conversion of ammonium to uric acid or urea is dependent on what
Energy
Animals excrete ___ & ___ & ___
Ammonium, Urea, Uric acid
Ammoni(a/um) can be controlled and transported as
Glutamine
What happens after ammoni(a/um) is converted to glutamine
- Transported to other tissues
2. Deaminated by glutaminase - releasing ammonia and glutamate
What is GDH
Glutamate dehydrogenase
What is GS
Glutamine synthesis (Know the pathway in the slide!)
In what cycle is urea produced
Orthinine-urea cycle (Know the pathway in the slide!)
What does CPS stand for
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase
Where is urea produced
Liver
What happens after urea is produced
Released into the blood, then excreted by the kidney
What are the kidney’s role in homeostasis
1) Ion Balance
2) Osmotic Balance
3) Blood Pressure
4) pH Balance
5) Excretion
6) Hormone Production (metabolism/conversion)
What is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Where does the efferent arteriole go to
Away from the kidney
Where does the afferent arteriole go to
To the kidney (Bowman’s Capsule)
What forms filtration sites in the epithelium of the Bowman’s Capsule
Podocytes
Fenestration by podocytes in the Bowman’s capsule allows for what
Allows fluids and solutes to flow into the Bowman’s Capsule
What do podocytes prevent the filtration of into the Bowman’s Capsule
Proteins
What is in the filtrate of the Bowman’s Capsule
- Salt
- Glucose
- Vitamins
- Nitrogenous wastes
What is the lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule called
Ultrafiltrate
What is the driving force that pushes material into the glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule
- Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Oncontic pressure
Sympathetic innervation of the glomerulus does what
Vasoconstriction (Reduction in blood flow)
How is the glomerulus locally regulated
Stretch-sensitive ion channels
What are the stretch-sensitive ion channels in the glomerulus responsible for
Contracts upon stimulation/depolarization
How are stretch-sensitive ion channels activated
Increased blood pressure
Where are the stretch-sensitive ion channels located
Membrane of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle
What does GFR stand for
Glomerular filtration rate
What is the osmolarity relationship between primary urine and blood
Iso-osmotic
How much of the volume of the primary urine is recovered by the kidney
99%
What is the average GFR
~7.5 L/hr (~45 gallons/day)
The total blood volume is filtered through the renal tubules in approximately ___ min
40 minutes