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Bio225 Exam 4 > Circulation 2 > Flashcards

Circulation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessel structure: Large Vein/Artery

A
  1. Tunica externa
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica intima
  4. Endothelium
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2
Q

Blood vessel structure: Vein/Artery

A
  1. Tunica externa
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica intima
  4. Endothelium
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3
Q

Blood vessel structure: Venule/Arteriole

A
  1. Tunica media

2. Endothelium

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4
Q

Blood vessel structure: Capillaries

A
  1. Tunica intima

2. Endothelium

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5
Q

Arteries maintain ___ pressure

A

high

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6
Q

Fluctuation in pressure within the cardiovascular system is dampened by what?

A

Elasticity of the arteries

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7
Q

Veins maintain ___ pressure

A

low

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8
Q

Characteristics of veins:

A
  1. Thin-walled
  2. Low velocity
  3. Low pressure
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9
Q

How does blood move through veins

A

Skeletal muscle pushes blood

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10
Q

What prevents backflow in veins

A

One-way valves

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11
Q

What is compliance

A

A measure of how easily a structure can be stretched

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12
Q

How is compliance calculated?

A

Change in volume/Change in pressure

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13
Q

At rest, how much blood do mammals hold in their veins?

A

60%

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14
Q

How is blood volume in the vein adjusted?

A

Venomotor tone

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15
Q

What will happen if you increase venomotor tone?

A

Increase venous blood return to the heart

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16
Q

What monitors blood pressure and signals to the medulla oblongata

A

Baroreceptors

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17
Q

What is MAP

A

Mean arterial pressure

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18
Q

Baroreceptor/MAP pathway:

A
  1. Increased MAP
  2. Causes increased baroreceptor firing
  3. Stimulate medulla via afferent neurons
  4. Causes decreased sympathetic output (& increased parasympathetic)
  5. Decreases norepinephrine release from adrenal medulla
  6. Which causes 3 things:
    a. Vasodilation of arteriolar smooth muscle
    a1. Which decreases peripheral resistance
    b. Decreases force of contraction in ventricular myocardium
    b1. Which decreases CO
    c. SA node firing decreases
    c1. Which causes decreased heart rate
    c2. Which causes decreased CO
  7. All of #6 causes decreased MAP
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19
Q

What regulates blood pressure homeostasis

A

Baroreceptors

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20
Q

What homeostatic response happens to increased blood pressure

A
  1. Decreased heart rate
  2. Decreased stroke volume
  3. Vasodilation
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21
Q

What homeostatic response happens to decreased blood pressure

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Increased stroke volume
  3. Vasoconstriction
22
Q

Balance of what influences blood volume and pressure

A

Salt and water intake/output

23
Q

What role do chemoreceptors play

A

Detect changes in partial pressures of O2, (Po2), CO2, (Pco2) as these can affect heart rate

24
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located

A

Aorta & Carotid artery

25
Q

What homeostatic response happens to low Pco2, high Po2, and high pH

A
  1. Heart rate decreases
  2. Stroke volume decreases
  3. Respiration rate decreases
26
Q

What homeostatic response happens to high Pco2, low Po2, and low pH

A
  1. Heart rate increases
  2. Stroke volume increases
  3. Respiration rate increases
27
Q

Cardiac output & Total peripheral resistance both affect what

A

Blood pressure

28
Q

What is TPR?

A

Total Peripheral Resistance

29
Q

What regulates total peripheral resistance

A

Constriction & dilation of arterioles

30
Q

When you adjust TPR, what is adjusted in conjunction

A

Cardiac output (inversely proportional)

31
Q

Do different tissues have the same metabolic needs

A

No, different tissues each have different metabolic needs

32
Q

Rank tissue metabolic needs from highest to lowest

A
  1. Heart
  2. Kidney
  3. Brain
  4. Liver
  5. Muscle, fat, other organs
33
Q

Do different tissues have the same metabolic needs

A

No, different tissues each have different metabolic needs

34
Q

Rank tissue metabolic needs from highest to lowest

A
  1. Heart
  2. Kidney
  3. Brain
  4. Liver
  5. Muscle, fat, other organs
35
Q

What types of regulation do capillaries and flow through them undergo

A

Neuronal & Hormonal

36
Q

Based on physiological demand what do capillaries do

A

Open & close

37
Q

What are the two mechanisms that control flow through capillaries

A
  1. Contraction/relaxation of tunica media layer in the arteriole wall
  2. Precapillary sphincters
38
Q

What are precapillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle that control the blood flow between arterioles and venules

39
Q

Where are precapillary sphincters located

A

At the entrance of capillary beds

40
Q

Some blood flows directly from arterioles to venules by

A

bypassing the capillary bed

41
Q

Local control of blood flow is done by

A

Tissue metabolites affecting smooth muscle contraction and blood flow

42
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous capillary (no pores)
  2. Fenestrated capillary (with pores)
  3. Sinusoidal capillary (mixture of both)
43
Q

What enhances delivery of material across the capillary wall

A

Slow rate of blood flow & thin walls

44
Q

3 ways material is delivered across the capillary wall

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Endocytosis and exocytosis (Transcytosis)
  3. Paracellular pathway
45
Q

What is the paracellular pathway

A

Hydrostatic pressure solutes and water across capillary walls through the gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. The size of the solutes moving across depends on the size of the gap

46
Q

What is transcytosis

A

Can be either endocytosis or exocytosis through endothelial cells

47
Q

Structure of lymphatic system:

A
  • Comes from both pulmonary & systemic circuit capillaries.
  • Contains lymph nodes & valves
  • Pumps back into the inferior vena cava
48
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries

A

Closed-ended tubules that form vast networks in intercellular spaces

49
Q

What is lymph

A

Fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries

50
Q

Pathway of lymph:

A

Lymph capillaries–>Lymph ducts–>Lymph nodes–>Filtration–>Veins

51
Q

3 functions of the lymphatic system:

A
  1. Transports interstitial (tissue) fluid back to the blood
  2. Transports absorbed fat from small intestine to the blood
  3. Helps provide immunological defenses against pathogens

Bio225 Exam 4 (6 decks)

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