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Bio225 Exam 4 > Ion Exchange 1 > Flashcards

Ion Exchange 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ionic balance responsible for

A

Maintaining cell shape & resting membrane potential

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2
Q

What is pH balance responsible for

A

Protein folding & enyzme functions within restricted pH ranges

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3
Q

What is nitrogen balance responsible for

A

Nitrogenous wastes that are converted to toxic ammonia need to be excreted as either ammonia, urea, or uric acid

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4
Q

What do water, ionic, pH, and nitrogen regulation all affect

A

Blood volume, pressure, and heart function

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5
Q

What are perturbing solutes

A

Inorganic ions, charged amino acids, ammonia that disrupt macromolecular function

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6
Q

What are compatible solutes

A

Trehalose, glycerol, glucose, and uncharged amino acids. Do not disrupt function, even at high concentrations.

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7
Q

What are counteracting solutes

A

Harmful individually, but in combination are not harmful (Urea, methylamines such as TMAO)

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8
Q

Can you actively transport water

A

NO

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9
Q

Water follows ___

A

Solute

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10
Q

If you move ions into the cell, water moves __

A

Into the cell

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11
Q

If you move ions out of the cell, water moves ___

A

Out of the cell

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12
Q

How much water can pass through an aquaporin in one second

A

1 billion water molecules

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13
Q

What type of cells play a role in regulating salt-water balance in animals

A

Epithelial cells

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14
Q

How do solutes move across epithelial cells

A

Transcellular & Paracellular transport

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15
Q

What are four properties of epithelial cells

A
  1. Asymmetric distribution of transporters/channels
  2. Junctions regulating paracellular transport
  3. Diversity of epithelial cell types
  4. High mitochondrial density to provide ATP for ATPase pumps
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16
Q

What are osmoconformers

A

Marine invertebrates that have an osmolarity equal to that of ocean water. They do not control the osmotic condition of their body fluids (crab, squid)

17
Q

What are osmoregulators

A

Animals that actively control their osmotic fluid, but have an osmolarity isotonic to the ocean. Less NaCl, but lots more urea. (Shark, tuna)

18
Q

How do freshwater fish osmoregulate

A

Water moves into fish, so fish does NOT drink. Actively pumps solutes into body

19
Q

How do salt water fish osmoregulate

A

Water moves out of fish, so fishes continuously drink water. Salt is actively excreted.

20
Q

Some fish (chondrichthyes, agnatha) maintain osmotic pressure at or above their environment

A

Most fish (teleosts) maintain osmotic pressure of body fluids below (marine species) or above (freshwater species) that of their environment.

21
Q

What are stenohaline fish

A

restricted to a narrow range of salinity.

22
Q

What are euryhaline fish

A

capable of adapting to a wide range of salinities.

23
Q

Osmoregulatory organs in fish (in order of importance):

A

Gills, intestines, kidneys

24
Q

What are chloride cells

A

Cells in the gill that move ions against large concentration gradients

25
Q

What are the two types of cells in freshwater fish

A

PNA-, PNA+ (see slide for transporters and pathways!)

26
Q

Osmoregulatory problems of tetrapods

A

Prevention of water loss through evaporation and urine excretion

27
Q

Osmoregulatory strategies of tetrapods

A
  1. Body coverings (thick skin, fur, waxy layers, exoskeletons, shells)
  2. Nocturnal
  3. Produce trehalose
  4. Reduce evaporatative water loss
  5. Concentrated urine
28
Q

What is trehalose

A

Disaccharide that protects cells by replacing water associated with membranes and proteins

29
Q

Since desert animals (kangaroo rat) do not drink water, how do they have water balance

A

90% derived from metabolism, 10% from water in seeds (food)

30
Q

How do you get metabolic water

A

Metabolism of fat, sugar, and proteins

31
Q

How much water does 100g of fat produce

A

107g H20

32
Q

How much water does 100g of starch (sugar) produce

A

55g H20

33
Q

How much water does 100g of protein produce

A

41g H20

Bio225 Exam 4 (6 decks)

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