Ion Exchange 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ionic balance responsible for

A

Maintaining cell shape & resting membrane potential

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2
Q

What is pH balance responsible for

A

Protein folding & enyzme functions within restricted pH ranges

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3
Q

What is nitrogen balance responsible for

A

Nitrogenous wastes that are converted to toxic ammonia need to be excreted as either ammonia, urea, or uric acid

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4
Q

What do water, ionic, pH, and nitrogen regulation all affect

A

Blood volume, pressure, and heart function

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5
Q

What are perturbing solutes

A

Inorganic ions, charged amino acids, ammonia that disrupt macromolecular function

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6
Q

What are compatible solutes

A

Trehalose, glycerol, glucose, and uncharged amino acids. Do not disrupt function, even at high concentrations.

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7
Q

What are counteracting solutes

A

Harmful individually, but in combination are not harmful (Urea, methylamines such as TMAO)

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8
Q

Can you actively transport water

A

NO

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9
Q

Water follows ___

A

Solute

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10
Q

If you move ions into the cell, water moves __

A

Into the cell

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11
Q

If you move ions out of the cell, water moves ___

A

Out of the cell

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12
Q

How much water can pass through an aquaporin in one second

A

1 billion water molecules

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13
Q

What type of cells play a role in regulating salt-water balance in animals

A

Epithelial cells

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14
Q

How do solutes move across epithelial cells

A

Transcellular & Paracellular transport

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15
Q

What are four properties of epithelial cells

A
  1. Asymmetric distribution of transporters/channels
  2. Junctions regulating paracellular transport
  3. Diversity of epithelial cell types
  4. High mitochondrial density to provide ATP for ATPase pumps
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16
Q

What are osmoconformers

A

Marine invertebrates that have an osmolarity equal to that of ocean water. They do not control the osmotic condition of their body fluids (crab, squid)

17
Q

What are osmoregulators

A

Animals that actively control their osmotic fluid, but have an osmolarity isotonic to the ocean. Less NaCl, but lots more urea. (Shark, tuna)

18
Q

How do freshwater fish osmoregulate

A

Water moves into fish, so fish does NOT drink. Actively pumps solutes into body

19
Q

How do salt water fish osmoregulate

A

Water moves out of fish, so fishes continuously drink water. Salt is actively excreted.

20
Q

Some fish (chondrichthyes, agnatha) maintain osmotic pressure at or above their environment

A

Most fish (teleosts) maintain osmotic pressure of body fluids below (marine species) or above (freshwater species) that of their environment.

21
Q

What are stenohaline fish

A

restricted to a narrow range of salinity.

22
Q

What are euryhaline fish

A

capable of adapting to a wide range of salinities.

23
Q

Osmoregulatory organs in fish (in order of importance):

A

Gills, intestines, kidneys

24
Q

What are chloride cells

A

Cells in the gill that move ions against large concentration gradients

25
What are the two types of cells in freshwater fish
PNA-, PNA+ (see slide for transporters and pathways!)
26
Osmoregulatory problems of tetrapods
Prevention of water loss through evaporation and urine excretion
27
Osmoregulatory strategies of tetrapods
1. Body coverings (thick skin, fur, waxy layers, exoskeletons, shells) 2. Nocturnal 3. Produce trehalose 4. Reduce evaporatative water loss 5. Concentrated urine
28
What is trehalose
Disaccharide that protects cells by replacing water associated with membranes and proteins
29
Since desert animals (kangaroo rat) do not drink water, how do they have water balance
90% derived from metabolism, 10% from water in seeds (food)
30
How do you get metabolic water
Metabolism of fat, sugar, and proteins
31
How much water does 100g of fat produce
107g H20
32
How much water does 100g of starch (sugar) produce
55g H20
33
How much water does 100g of protein produce
41g H20