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Bio225 Exam 4 > Gas Exchange 2 > Flashcards

Gas Exchange 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are metalloproteins

A

Proteins, like hemoglobin, that bind O2 to their heme group

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2
Q

What increases O2 carrying capacity of blood

A

Metalloproteins

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3
Q

Where is hemoglobin located

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Tetramer - 4 polypeptide chains each containing a heme group.

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5
Q

What is the molecule called after O2 binds to a heme group

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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6
Q

Each hemoglobin can carry how many O2

A

4 O2 molecules

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7
Q

When is hemoglobin in relaxed state (R)

A

When it is bound to O2

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8
Q

When is hemoglobin in tense state (T)

A

When it is not bound to O2

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9
Q

What affects O2 equilibrium of hemoglobin

A

pH (Bohr effect)

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10
Q

What are two ways to alter hemoglobin content of blood

A
  1. Physiological acclimatization

2. Developmental acclimatization

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11
Q

What decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 and increases O2 availability to tissue cells

A
  1. Increased temperature
  2. Increased CO2
  3. Decreased pH
  4. Increased 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
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12
Q

What does 2,3 DPG do

A

Allosterically regulator of hemoglobin (decreases affinity for O2)

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13
Q

What generates 2,3 DPG

A

Red blood cells

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14
Q

Increased CO2 in tissues =

A

Decreased pH (more protons, more acidic)

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15
Q

When Po2 is decreased, what do red blood cells do

A

Increase production of 2,3 DPG

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16
Q

What happens in metabolically active tissues

A
  1. Increased ATP–>Increased Temperature
  2. Increased CO2–>Decreased pH
  3. At decreased PO2–>RBC stimulates 2,3DPG
  4. O2 affinity decreased
  5. Hemoglobin in (T) state
  6. More O2 becomes available to the tissue and the dissociation curve shifts to the right
17
Q

How many heme groups does myoglobin have?

A

Only 1

18
Q

Does myoglobin have a high or low affinity for oxygen

A

High

19
Q

What is a good molecule to store O2 in

A

Myoglobin

20
Q

Where is myoglobin found

A

Muscle

21
Q

What are the three forms that CO2 is transported by

A
  1. Dissolved Co2 (7%)
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
  3. Bicarbonate ion (70%)
22
Q

What is the Haldane effect

A

When deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2 than oxygenated blood.

23
Q

What is more favorable in tissues: CO2 to bicarbonate or Bicarbonate to CO2

A

CO2 to Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

24
Q

What is responsible for the conversion of CO2 to Bicarbonate and vice versa

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

25
Q

What moves bicarbonate out of the cell

A

A Cl-/Bicarbonate exchanger moves bicarbonate out of the cell. This is called the chloride shift.

26
Q

What is the reverse chloride shift

A

When bicarbonate moves into the cell by a Cl-/Bicarbonate exchanger. This promotes CO2 out of the cell

27
Q

Where doe the reverse chloride shift take place

A

The lungs

28
Q

Where is ventilation rhythm monitored and regulated

A

The brain stem, within the pons and medulla oblongata

29
Q

How are changes in O2 and CO2 concetrations within the blood detected

A

Chemosensory neurons in the aorta and carotid arteries

30
Q

What prevents overexpansion of the lungs through negative feedback

A

Stretch receptors

31
Q

What factors increase respiratory rate

A
  1. Increased body temperature
  2. Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine
  3. Reflexes originating from body movement (proprioceptors) send signals to cerebral cortex
  4. Signals from the cerebral cortex
32
Q

What are bronchioles wrapped in

A

Smooth muscle

33
Q

What role does the bronchiole smooth muscle play

A

Can dilate or constrict to increase or decrease gas exchange

34
Q

What regulates the amount of inflow of gas

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

35
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to regulate inflow of gas

A

Dilates bronchioles (works through the thoracic spinal cord)

36
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to regulate inflow of gas

A

Constricts bronchioles (works through Cranial Nerve X)

37
Q

What signals vasoconstriction in the lungs

A

Low O2

Bio225 Exam 4 (6 decks)

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